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Table 3 The activities of arm and leg muscles during the entire cycle and the poling and recovery phases of the first and second sessions of DIA and the DP skiing at 90% of VO 2max/peak

From: The effects of prior high intensity double poling on subsequent diagonal stride skiing characteristics

 

First session of DIA

DP

Second session of DIA

F -value

P -value

Power

IEMG for the entire cycle arms (%MVCs)

29.1 ± 9.2

25.7 ± 11.1

27.7 ± 8.0

a F (2,14) = 9.29

P = 0.004

0.932

IEMG for the entire cycle legs (%MVCs)

16.1 ± 3.5#

11.6 ± 3.8*

16.0 ± 3.2#

b F (1,7) = 15.64

P = 0.007

0.906

    

c F (2,14) = 0.25

n.s

 

EMGRMS poling phase, arms (%MVC)

72.9 ± 8.9#

99.7 ± 12.9*

66.6 ± 10.7#

a F (1,7) = 6.66

P = 0.042

0.580

EMGRMS push-off phase legs (%MVC)

44.6 ± 3.5

 

43.0 ± 3.6

b F (1,7) = 7.44

P = 0.034

0.626

    

c F (1.7) = 1.13

n.s.

 

EMGRMS recovery phase, arms (%MVC)

14.2 ± 2.4

14.5 ± 3.1

15.1 ± 2.2

a F (2,14) = 39.5

P = 0.001

1.000

EMGRMS recovery phase, legs (%MVC)

31.4 ± 2.3#

18.0 ± 2.8*

30.5 ± 2.0#

b F (2,14) = 51.1

P = 0.001

1.000

    

c F (4,28) = 5.24

P = 0.023

0.723

EMGRMS ratio, entire cycle, arms/whole body (%)

25.1 ± 1.6#

16.9 ± 2.4*

24.2 ± 1.5#

F (1,7) = 13.0

P = 0.001

0.984

  1. The values presented are means ± SD. IEMG, integrated EMG; EMGRMS, EMG root mean squared; MVC, maximal voluntary contraction. A Two-Way repeated ANOVA (3 × 2) was used to compare the responses during the two sessions of DIA and DP. Since there was no push-off phase for the legs during DP, a 2 × 2 Two-Way repeated ANOVA was used to compare the EMGRMS for the poling and push-off phases. A One-Way repeated ANOVA was used in the case of the EMGRMS ratio and Bonferroni correction was used to compare different time-points, with paired Student’s t-test instead when only two time-points were compared.
  2. *Significantly different from DIA1.
  3. #Significantly different from DP.
  4. Significantly different from DIA2.
  5. aMain effect: exercise intensity.
  6. bMain effect: extremity.
  7. cInteractive effect: exercise intensity x extremity.
  8. n.s. not statistically significant.