Families of learning styles – descriptiona | Example theoriesb |
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1. Learning styles and preferences are largely constitutionally based including the four modalities VAKT (visual, audio, kinesthetic, tactile) | Learning styles (Dunn and Dunn 1993) |
Hemisphere dominance (Torrance in Torrance et al. 1976) | |
2. Learning styles reflect deep-seated features of the cognitive structure, including ’patterns of ability’. | Perception styles (Witkin 1962) |
Conceptual tempo (Kagan 1966) | |
Intellectual structure (Guilford 1967) | |
3. Learning styles are one component of a relatively stable personality type | Personality types (Myers-Briggs in Myers and McCaulley 1985) |
4. Learning styles are flexible stable learning preferences | Learning styles (Kolb 1984) |
Decision making styles (Kirton 1976) | |
5. Move on from learning styles to learning approaches, strategies, orientations and conceptions of learning | Approaches to learning (Entwistle 1988) |
Approaches to learning & studying (Biggs 1987) | |
Approaches to learning (Marton & Säljö in Bowden and Marton 1998) | |
Learning styles (Grasha and Riechmann 1975) | |
Learning styles (Vermunt 1998) | |