Extent of podoconiosis-related stigma in Wolaita Zone, Southern Ethiopia: a cross-sectional study

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Table 5 Associations between stage of disease and stigma scores

Type of stigma	Disease stage*	Mean scores (SD)*	F-value	p-value
Enacted stigma	Stage 2 and below	18.9 (14.3)	3.176	0.004
Enacted stigma	Stage 3 and above	26.7 (16.2)	3.176	0.004
Felt stigma	Stage 2 and below	18.1 (15.6)	0.851	0.085
Felt stigma	Stage 3 and above	23.0 (16.9)	0.851	0.085
Total stigma	Stage 2 and below	37.0 (29.3)	2.314	0.021
Total stigma	Stage 3 and above	49.8 (32.4)	2.314	0.021
Felt stigma in major life areas	Stage 2 and below	6.5 (5.9)	0.068	0.140
Felt stigma in major life areas	Stage 3 and above	8.1 (6.1)	0.068	0.140
Felt stigma in interpersonal interactions	Stage 2 and below	8.4 (7.6)	0.192	0.223
Felt stigma in interpersonal interactions	Stage 3 and above	10.1 (7.7)	0.192	0.223
Felt stigma in community and civic life	Stage 2 and below	3.0 (2.9)	13.711	0.011
Felt stigma in community and civic life	Stage 3 and above	4.5 (3.7)	13.711	0.011
Enacted stigma in inter personal interaction	Stage 2 and below	5.2 (2.7)	0.267	0.028
Enacted stigma in inter personal interaction	Stage 3 and above	6.3 (2.7)	0.267	0.028
Enacted stigma in major life areas	Stage 2 and below	6.2 (5.9)	0.892	0.012
Enacted stigma in major life areas	Stage 3 and above	9.0 (6.3)	0.892	0.012
Enacted stigma in community and civic life	Stage 2 and below	6.0 (5.7)	19.562	0.002
Enacted stigma in community and civic life	Stage 3 and above	9.6 (9.6)	19.562	0.002

Notes: Independent samples non-parametric analysis was performed using the Independent samples T-test; *SD, Standard deviation. *Stages I and II are rapidly reversible through adequate treatment, while stages III and above require long term treatment for improvement (Tekola et al. 2008).