Table 1 Patient characteristics of the AF study population
From: Gastrointestinal comorbidities associated with atrial fibrillation
Variable | All AF patients (N = 557,123) | AF patients without history of GI at baseline (N = 413,168) |
|---|---|---|
Mean follow-up period, days (SD) | 543.2 (455.0) | 563.3 (457.9) |
Demographics | ||
Age, years, mean (SD) [median] | 68.2 (14.9) [70] | 67.7 (15) [69] |
Female, n (%) | 249,331 (44.8%) | 177,888 (43.1%) |
Region, n (%) | ||
South | 210,204 (37.7%) | 155,089 (37.5%) |
West | 93,857 (16.8%) | 71,646 (17.3%) |
North Central | 179,174 (32.2%) | 131,464 (31.8%) |
Northeast | 72,331 (13.0%) | 53,792 (13.0%) |
Unknown | 1,557 (0.3%) | 1,177 (0.3%) |
Type of insurance, n (%) | ||
Comprehensive | 177,702 (31.9%) | 129,040 (31.2%) |
EPO | 1,335 (0.2%) | 1,076 (0.3%) |
HMO | 69,097 (12.4%) | 53,120 (12.9%) |
POS | 26,145 (4.7%) | 19,932 (4.8%) |
PPO | 259,366 (46.6%) | 192,305 (46.5%) |
POS with capitation | 2,308 (0.4%) | 1,808 (0.4%) |
CDHP | 4,567 (0.8%) | 3,689 (0.9%) |
Other/Unknown | 16,603 (3.0%) | 12,198 (3.0%) |
Year of index date, n (%) | ||
2005 | 81,555 (14.6%) | 62,282 (15.1%) |
2006 | 105,630 (19.0%) | 79,372 (19.2%) |
2007 | 108,170 (19.4%) | 80,423 (19.5%) |
2008 | 123,788 (22.2%) | 91,663 (22.2%) |
2009 | 137,980 (24.8%) | 99,428 (24.1%) |
Charlson comorbidity indexa, mean (SD) | 1.36 (1.93) | 1.05 (1.57) |
CHADS2a,b score, n (%) | ||
0 | 165,936 (29.8%) | 134,997 (32.7%) |
1-2 | 318,530 (57.2%) | 233,956 (56.6%) |
3-4 | 66,436 (11.9%) | 41,209 (10.0%) |
5-6 | 6,221 (1.1%) | 3,006 (0.7%) |
History of GIa, n (%) | ||
Any GI condition | 143,955 (25.8%) | 0 (0.0%) |
GI events based on the RE-LY study classificationc | 87,017 (15.6%) | 0 (0.0%) |
Dyspepsiad | 64,202 (11.5%) | 0 (0.0%) |
Diarrhea | 12,693 (2.3%) | 0 (0.0%) |
Vomiting | 15,448 (2.8%) | 0 (0.0%) |
Gastrointestinal bleeding | 15,466 (2.8%) | 0 (0.0%) |
Other GI events | ||
Gastroesophageal reflux disease | 21,373 (3.8%) | 0 (0.0%) |
Diverticula of intestine | 19,640 (3.5%) | 0 (0.0%) |
Other disorders of intestine | 15,008 (2.7%) | 0 (0.0%) |
Gastritis and duodenitis | 13,923 (2.5%) | 0 (0.0%) |
Dysphagia | 13,306 (2.4%) | 0 (0.0%) |
Constipation | 10,669 (1.9%) | 0 (0.0%) |
Noninfectious gastroenteritis and colitis | 9,166 (1.6%) | 0 (0.0%) |
Esophagitis | 9,220 (1.7%) | 0 (0.0%) |
Nausea Alone | 6,532 (1.2%) | 0 (0.0%) |
Malignant neoplasm of digestive organs and peritoneum | 9,702 (1.7%) | 0 (0.0%) |
Flatulence, eructation, and gas pain | 4,868 (0.9%) | 0 (0.0%) |
Peptic ulcer diseases | 4,352 (0.8%) | 0 (0.0%) |
Any GI-related hospitalization | 43,851 (7.9%) | 0 (0.0%) |
Other comorbiditiesa, n (%) | ||
Cardiovascular diseases | 295,617 (53.1%) | 202,017 (48.9%) |
Chronic kidney disease | 36,187 (6.5%) | 20,521 (5.0%) |
Diabetes | 111,423 (20.0%) | 76,751 (18.6%) |
Hypertension | 218,765 (39.3%) | 148,707 (36.0%) |
Arthritis | 70,882 (12.7%) | 47,053 (11.4%) |
Any cancer | 74,954 (13.5%) | 42,829 (10.4%) |
Baseline medicationa, n (%) | ||
Medications that may cause GI events | 359,398 (64.5%) | 257,357 (62.3%) |
Anticoagulants | 105,367 (18.9%) | 80,059 (19.4%) |
Antiplatelets | 55,143 (9.9%) | 37,887 (9.2%) |
Corticosteroids | 58,065 (10.4%) | 36,247 (8.8%) |
NSAIDs | 67,179 (12.1%) | 47,315 (11.5%) |
SSRIs | 57,567 (10.3%) | 37,959 (9.2%) |
Calcium channel blockers | 107,587 (19.3%) | 77,563 (18.8%) |
Bisphosphonates | 35,491 (6.4%) | 24,934 (6.0%) |
Antibiotic | 154,004 (27.6%) | 105,071 (25.4%) |
Pain medications (opioids) | 134,460 (24.1%) | 84,629 (20.5%) |
Antineoplastic | 15,634 (2.8%) | 8,978 (2.2%) |
Anesthesia medication | 236 (0.0%) | 119 (0.0%) |
Medications used to treat poisonings | 145 (0.0%) | 80 (0.0%) |
Iron-related medication | 89 (0.0%) | 44 (0.0%) |
Medications used to treat GI events | 162,016 (29.1%) | 91,083 (22.0%) |
Antacids | 124 (0.0%) | 78 (0.0%) |
Antidiarrheals | 6,895 (1.2%) | 2,592 (0.6%) |
Antiemetics | 14,165 (2.5%) | 7,138 (1.7%) |
Digestive aids | 1,198 (0.2%) | 429 (0.1%) |
Gastrointestinal medications | 19,550 (3.5%) | 7,709 (1.9%) |
Laxatives | 24,122 (4.3%) | 7,893 (1.9%) |
Ulcer drugs | 133,053 (23.9%) | 76,924 (18.6%) |
Proton Pump Inhibitors | 110,762 (19.9%) | 62,566 (15.1%) |
H-2 Antagonists | 22,720 (4.1%) | 14,862 (3.6%) |