Comments on the mechanisms of action of radiation protective agents: basis components and their polyvalence

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Table 1 The mechanisms and optimal conditions for radioprotective action of flavonoids (Vasin 2014b )

Pharmacological action	The mechanisms of anti-radiation action	The optimal condition of protective action
Antioxidan	Enzyme and non-enzyme anti-radical effect, activation of Nrf2/KeapI and Sirtuin/FoxO pathway	Low-dose-rate irradiation, repeated prophylactic dose of drugs and nutrient supplement
Pro-oxidant	Activation the NF-κB pathway, increase of pro-inflammatory cytokines → stimulant effect of myelopoiesis	High-dose-rate and lethal irradiation, ovendose of drugs, delayed protective effect
Estrogenic	Immunostimulant action, G-CSF increase → stimulant effect of myelopoiesis	High-, low-dose-rate, and lethal, non-lethal irradiation, therapeutic dose of drugs, delayed protective effect
Anti- carcinogenic	Inhibition the NF-κB pathway, and the mutation or hyper- expression of the Nrf2-Keap1 signaling pathway in tumor genesis, and angiogenesis	Low-dose-rate irradiation, repeated prophylactic dose of drugs and nutrient supplement
Anti-inflammatory	Inhibition the NF-κB pathway, pro-inflammatory cytokine decrease → mitigation of acute radiation syndrome, long-term radiation oxidative stress and post-radiation fibrosis of tissues	High-, low-dose-rate, lethal and non-lethal irradiation, therapeutic dose of drugs, delayed protective effect