Table 2 Univariate analysis of in-hospital mortality (N = 55,967)

Age (increase by 1 year)

1.04

1.04-1.05

0.003

Gender

Male

1.0

-

<0.001

Female

0.81

0.73-0.91

Race/ethnicity

Caucasian

1.0

-

<0.001

African American

0.76

0.62-0.94

Hispanic

0.40

0.23-0.69

American Indian

0.27

0.07-1.09

Asian

1.65

1.02-2.65

Other race

1.04

0.88-1.22

Insurance type

Medicare

1.0

-

<0.001

Medicaid

0.45

0.34-0.61

Managed care

0.58

0.46-0.73

Commercial

1.44

1.13-1.84

Other

3.31

2.63-4.16

Uninsured

0.46

0.30-0.72

Hospital

Urban

1.0

-

0.187

Rural

0.90

0.77-1.05

Non-teaching

1.0

-

0.621

Teaching

1.03

0.92-1.16

Number of beds

1.0

1.00-1.00

0.503

Admission type

Emergency

1.0

-

<0.001

Urgent

1.12

0.97-1.30

Elective

1.95

1.67-2.27

Trauma

1.29

0.57-2.91

ICU admission

8.82

7.87-9.88

<0.001

DRG severity of illness

Minor

1.0

-

<0.001

Moderate

1.37

1.04-1.80

Major

3.91

3.02-5.06

Extreme

38.26

29.61-49.43

DRG risk of mortality

Minor

1.0

-

<0.001

Moderate

4.37

3.33-5.73

Major

14.44

11.10-18.79

Extreme

88.56

67.97-115.39

LOS (increase by 1 day)

1.11

1.10-1.12

<0.001

Number of discharges

1.27

1.19-1.35

<0.001

Oral/parenteral corticosteroids

0.76

0.66-0.88

0.002

Antibiotics

0.65

0.56-0.75

<0.001

β-blockers

0.99

0.88-1.10

0.827