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Figure 2

From: Laparoscopic placement of a tined lead electrode on the pudendal nerve with urodynamic monitoring of bladder function during electrical stimulation: an acute experimental study in healthy female pigs

Figure 2

Urodynamic data from a single animal. Measurements were performed during light sedation (A; control measurement), general anaesthesia (B), after creation of the pneumoperitoneum (C), and during unilateral stimulation (D). Spontaneous voiding (arrows) was seen only in the control measurement (A); there was no spontaneous voiding after deepening of the anaesthesia (B-C). No bladder response was observed during stimulation using either low stimulation parameters or high stimulation parameters (D). Triggering led to short-term increases in bladder and detrusor pressure (arrowheads in A, B, C, D) with minor subsequent urine losses at higher pressures (<35 cmH2O). The EMG signal was sound according to the stimulation parameters and demonstrated correct electrode placement (D), which was confirmed visually.

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