Are virtues national, supranational, or universal?

van Oudenhoven, Jan Pieter; de Raad, Boele; Timmerman, Marieke E; Askevis-Leherpeux, Françoise; Boski, Pawel; Carmona, Carmen; Choubisa, Rajneesh; del Carmen Dominguez, Alejandra; Bye, Hege H; Kurylo, Anastacia; Lahmann, Cornelia; Mastor, Khairul; Selenko, Eva; Slezáčková, Alena; Smith, Ripley; Tip, Linda; Yik, Michelle

doi:10.1186/2193-1801-3-223

SpringerPlus

Table 2 Rank order (1–10) of the freely mentioned virtues in 14 nations, frequencies are indicated below the virtue

From: Are virtues national, supranational, or universal?

Rank order Nation	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9	10
Austria	Honesty	Helpfulness	Kindness	Reliability	Openness	Punctuality	Tolerance	Ambition	Resolution	Humour
N = 276	169	80	79	68	47	45	42	29	27	27
N = 276	61%	29%	29%	25%	17%	16%	15%	11%	10%	10%
Czech Republic	Resolution	Reliability	Courage	Wisdom	Openness	Helpfulness	Tolerance	Honesty	Respect	Punctuality
N = 231	58	43	42	30	27	23	22	19	19	16
N = 231	25%	19%	18%	13%	12%	10%	10%	8%	18%	7%
France	Generosity	Courage	Honesty	Kindness	Respect	Empathy	Patience	Altruism	Smartness	Openness
N = 213	55	52	52	41	38	30	28	21	20	16
N = 213	26%	24%	24%	19%	18%	14%	13%	9%	9%	%
Great Britain	Kindness	Honesty	Humour	Happiness	Respect	Resolution	Patience	Helpfulness	Empathy	Openness/Trust
N = 149	68	34	34	26	24	19	18	17	17	16
N = 149	46%	23%	23%	17%	16%	13%	12%	11%	11%	11%
Germany	Honesty	Openness	Reliability	Respect	Tolerance	Kindness	Helpfulness	Humour	Punctuality	Justice/Joy
N = 220	157	80	67	66	63	58	50	32	30	25
	71%	36%	30%	30%	29%	26%	23%	15%	14%	11%
Hong Kong	Honesty	Courtesy	Tolerance	Consideration	Optimism	Responsibility	Resolution	Self-confidence	Respect	Modesty
N = 101	30	13	12	12	11	11	11	10	10	10
N = 101	30%	13%	12%	12%	11%	11%	11%	10%	10%	10%
India	Diligence	Kindness	Joy	Dynamism	Humour	Love	Intelligence	Caring	Honesty	Reliability/Courage
N = 152	27	13	12	12	12	11	11	9	9	9
N = 152	18%	9%	8%	8%	8%	7%	7%	6%	65	6%
Malaysia	Honesty	Respect	Happiness	Love	Kindness	Helpfulness	Optimism	Courtesy	Responsibility	Faith
N = 212	35	26	23	22	21	20	15	14	14	14
N = 212	17%	12%	11%	10%	10%	9%	7%	7%	7%	14%
Mexico	Respect	Honesty	Happiness	Responsibility	Love	Peace	Friendship	Certainty	Tolerance	Loyalty/ Empathy
N = 146	54	38	31	30	26	19	19	13	12	10
N = 146	37%	26%	21%	20%	18%	13%	13%	9%	8%	7%
Netherlands	Respect	Kindness	Honesty	Helpfulness	Social	Openness	Joy	Tolerance	Reliability	Responsibility
N = 660 ¹	203	201	175	129	77	64	58	58	57	56
N = 660 ¹	31%	30%	27%	20%	12%	10%	9%	9%	9%	8%
Norway	Openness	Empathy	Kindness	Honesty	Optimism	Humour	Social	Consideration	Patience	Helpfulness/Caring
N = 190	72	55	52	48	44	32	31	30	23	23
N = 190	38%	29%	27%	25%	23%	17%	16%	16%	12%	12%
Poland	Openness	Honesty	Respect	Tolerance	Optimism	Communicativeness	Empathy	Resolution	Kindness	Humor
N = 163	52	31	26	24	21	19	19	18	17	17
N = 163	32%	19%	16%	15%	13%	12%	12%	11%	10%	10%
Spain	Respect	Love	Honesty	Friendship	Happiness	Joy	Justice	Solidarity	Tolerance	Trust
N = 203	86	44	38	32	23	17	15	14	13	13
N = 203	42%	22%	19%	16%	11%	8%	7%	7%	6%	6%
United States	Honesty	Kindness	Caring	Respect	Empathy	Patience	Openness	Modesty	Love	Humor/Diligence
N = 191	105	57	36	31	28	26	24	22	21	20
N = 191	55%	30%	19%	16%	15%	14%	13%	12%	11%	10%

¹For the Netherlands, we disposed of answers to this particular question from an additional comparable group (N = 289) of higher educated respondents and added these to the sample for the current study (N = 371).

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