Favorable effects of low-fat and low-carbohydrate dietary patterns on serum leptin, but not adiponectin, among overweight and obese premenopausal women: a randomized trial

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Table 4 Secondary analysis of the effects of low-fat and low-carbohydrate diets on serum adipokine concentrations among women who were adherent to the physical activity component of the intervention, N = 49

Biomarker	Intervention arm	Baseline	Week 34	Week 52
Biomarker	Intervention arm	Geometric mean (95% CI)	Geometric mean (95% CI)	Geometric mean (95% CI)
	Low-fat	9.72 (8.11–11.65)	9.55 (8.11–11.24)	9.36 (7.61–11.52)
Adiponectin (μg/mL)	Low-carbohydrate	10.86 (8.90–13.24)	10.66 (8.91–12.76)	10.44 (8.31–13.13)
	Overall	10.27 (8.98–11.75)	10.09 (8.94–11.39)	9.89 (8.47–11.54)
Leptin (ng/mL)^a	Low-fat	25.93 (20.38–32.98)	17.07 (13.54–21.52)	18.85 (14.13–25.16)
	Low-carbohydrate	31.56 (24.61–40.47)	20.52 (15.80–26.64)	20.87 (14.47–30.10)
	Overall	28.61 (24.06–34.01)	18.85 (15.30–15.30)	19.83 (15.71–25.04)
A/L ratio^b	Low-fat	0.40 (0.30–0.54)	0.46 (0.36–0.59)	0.54 (0.38–0.77)
	Low-carbohydrate	0.35 (0.26–0.49)	0.44 (0.34–0.58)	0.57 (0.38–0.85)
	Overall	0.38 (0.30–0.47)	0.45 (0.37–0.54)	0.55 (0.42–0.72)

NOTE: Mixed models with repeated measurements of natural log transformed serum adipokine concentrations were used. Overall estimates are averages across the two diets. Estimates for leptin assume a quadratic trend in time. All other estimates assume a linear trend in time. Data presented correspond to geometric means and 95% CIs. No difference in trend by diet was observed for any biomarker.
^aBorderline significant quadratic trend was observed for serum leptin (P = 0.05); no difference observed between baseline and Week 52 serum leptin concentrations (P > 0.05).
^bAverage trend in time across diets was significant (P = 0.02). Significant difference observed between baseline and Week 52 for the A/L ratio for low-carbohydrate diet (P = 0.05).