Favorable effects of low-fat and low-carbohydrate dietary patterns on serum leptin, but not adiponectin, among overweight and obese premenopausal women: a randomized trial

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Table 3 Secondary analysis of the effects of low-fat and low-carbohydrate diets on serum adipokine concentrations among women who were adherent to the dietary component of the intervention, N = 18

Biomarker	Intervention arm	Baseline	Week 34	Week 52
Biomarker	Intervention arm	Geometric mean (95% CI)	Geometric mean (95% CI)	Geometric mean (95% CI)
	Low-fat	11.93 (8.13–17.50)	10.11 (7.02–14.57)	8.39 (4.85–14.53)
Adiponectin (μg/mL)	Low-carbohydrate	11.06 (7.53–16.25)	11.55 (8.20–16.27)	12.11 (7.69–19.09)
	Overall	11.49 (8.76–15.07)	10.80 (8.41–13.88)	10.08 (7.06–14.40)
Leptin (ng/mL)	Low-fat	28.21 (16.76–47.50)	22.21 (12.80–38.54)	22.97 (7.95–66.37)
	Low-carbohydrate	29.12 (17.24–49.18)	25.34 (14.92–43.04)	20.36 (9.41–44.06)
	Overall	28.66 (19.81–41.48)	24.65 (16.00–37.97)	21.62 (11.23–41.65)
A/L ratio	Low-fat	0.43 (0.23–0.80)	0.42 (0.23–0.76)	0.41 (0.16–1.06)
	Low-carbohydrate	0.38 (0.20–0.71)	0.46 (0.27–0.80)	0.58 (0.27–1.25)
	Overall	0.40 (0.26–0.63)	0.44 (0.29–0.66)	0.49 (0.27–0.90)

NOTE: Mixed models with repeated measurements of natural log transformed serum adipokine concentrations were used. Overall estimates are averages across the two diets. Estimates for leptin assume a quadratic trend in time. All other estimates assume a linear trend in time. Data presented correspond to geometric means and 95% CIs. No difference in trend by diet was observed for any biomarker.