Favorable effects of low-fat and low-carbohydrate dietary patterns on serum leptin, but not adiponectin, among overweight and obese premenopausal women: a randomized trial

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Table 2 Effects of low-fat and low-carbohydrate diets on serum adipokine concentrations, N = 71

Biomarker	Intervention arm	Baseline	Week 34	Week 52
Biomarker	Intervention arm	Geometric mean (95% CI)	Geometric mean (95% CI)	Geometric mean (95% CI)
	Low-fat	10.41 (8.87–12.22)	9.98 (8.62–11.56)	9.52 (7.83–11.58)
Adiponectin (μg/mL)	Low-carbohydrate	11.03 (9.32–13.05)	10.77 (9.21–12.58)	10.48 (8.50–12.91)
	Overall	10.72 (9.54–12.03)	10.37 (9.31–11.54)	9.99 (8.66–11.52)
Leptin (ng/mL)^a	Low-fat	28.37 (22.72–35.43)	19.90 (15.73–25.18)	21.85 (16.21–29.45)
	Low-carbohydrate	31.82 (25.34–39.95)	20.60 (15.99–26.54)	25.56 (18.02–36.24)
	Overall	30.05 (25.63–35.23)	19.80 (16.25–24.14)	23.63 (18.78–29.73)
A/L ratio^b	Low-fat	0.38 (0.29–0.51)	0.42 (0.33–0.54)	0.47 (0.33–0.68)
	Low-carbohydrate	0.36 (0.27–0.49)	0.43 (0.33–0.56)	0.52 (0.35–0.76)
	Overall	0.37 (0.30–0.46)	0.43 (0.35–0.51)	0.50 (0.38–0.64)

NOTE: Mixed models with repeated measurements of natural log transformed serum adipokine concentrations were used.
Overall estimates are averages across the two diets. Estimates for leptin assume a quadratic trend in time. All other estimates assume a linear trend in time. Data presented correspond to geometric means and 95% CIs. No difference in trend by diet was observed for any biomarker.
^aSignificant quadratic trend was observed for serum leptin (P = 0.01); no difference observed between baseline and Week 52 serum leptin concentrations (P > 0.05).
^bAverage trend in time across diets was borderline significant for serum A/L ratio (P = 0.05).