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Table 1 Review of literature listed according to the year of publication

From: Intracranial hypotension after trauma

Reference

n

Symptoms (n =%)

Diagnosis

Treatment (n =%)

Complications

Outcome (n =%)

Christoforidis et al. 1998

4

Postural, pharmacoresistent headache (100) diplopia (75) nausea and vomiting (25) photophobia (25) neck pain (25)

Radionuclide cisternography (25), LP (50), *MRI (25)

Bed- rest for several weeks (100) caffeine 4 g/d (25)

None

Fully recovered (100)

;O’Carrol and Brant- Zawadzki 1999

4

Headache (100) nausea (50) neck stiffness (50) diplopia (25) acoustic halluzination (25)

MRI (100), LP (75), *radio cisternography (75)

Analgesics (25) EBP (100)

Subdural fluid collection (25)

No neurological symptoms after 6 months (50) still mild headache after 4 months (25) mild symptoms after 4 years (25)

Sencakova et al. 2001

25

Headache (100) Nausea

Head MRI (96), Spine MRI (48) CT myelography (64), Cisternography (56)

One or more EBP (100) after conservative treatment failed If EBP failed, surgical treatment (28)

None

No neurological symptoms after one or more EBP (72) No neurological symptoms after surgical treatment (28)

Lin et al. 2002

15

Postural headache (100) nausea (26,7) vomiting (20) dizziness (6,7) diplopia (6,7)

MRI LP*

conservative i.v. fluid EBP

 

Not available

de Noronha et al. 2003

4

Headache (100) diplopia (25) neck pain (25) photophobia (25) cervical pain radiating the occiput (25) neck stiffness (25)

CT (100), MRI (50), LP (50)* Angiography (25)

Symptomatical ly treated (50) EBP (25) surgical evacuation of hygroma (25)

Bilateral subdural fluid collections with confusion (50) hydrocephalus (25) ataxia and dysarthria (25)

Asymptomatic after evacuation of subdural fluid collections (75) improved gradually (25)

Berroir et al. 2004

30

Headache (100) nausea/vomitting (70) neck pain(48) hearing disturbances (14)

MRI, CT myelography Cisternography

EBP (100) Surgical treatment (3.3)

 

Complete cure after

- one EBP (57)

- two EBP (20)

-five EBP (3.3)

-surgery (3.3)

Lai et al. 2007

40

headache (100)

MRI, Cisternography, CT- myelography Myelography

Hydration caffeine theophylline fludrocortisone analgesics EBP (25) surgical hematoma evacuation (5)

Decrease of (7,5) abducens nerve palsy (2,5) numbness of hands (2,5) suboccipital decompression (2,5)

Asymptomatic after one year (37.5) residual headache after one year (12,5) bed-ridden and blind after three months (2.5)

Schieving et al. 2008

94

head ache

MRI, CT myelography MR myelography

Epidural blood patch (21,3) EBP and fibrin glue (31,9) EBP and surgical intervention (40,4)

None

Good outcome (80) Poor outcome (20)

Ferrante et al. 2010

42

Headache (97,6) nausea vomitting hemianopsia diplopia

CT, MRI, CT-myelography Cisternography

EBP in Trendelenburg position and acetazolamide as pre – medication

Evacuation of bilateral SDH with mass effect (5)

Complete recovery after

-one EBP (90)

-two (5)

-three EBP (5)

Loya et al. 2012

3

Headache (66,6) nausea (33.3) vomiting (33.3) somnolence (33.3)

MRI, CT, CT myelography, Myelography

Trendelenburg position (100) abdominal binder (33.3) EBP (66.6)

Acute bilateral SDH (33.3) bilateral hygromas (33.3)

No neurological deficit (100)

Albes et al. 2012

26

headache (76.9)

MRI, CT, CT myelography, Myelography

EBP (96.2)

 

Asymptomatic (100)

  1. *Lumbar puncture suspected IH because of the difficulty to obtain CSF. EBP: epidural blood patch; MRI magnetic resonance imaging; CT computer tomography.