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Table 1 Free amino acid content (μmol/dL) 1 of human milk collected during three stages of lactation

From: Free amino acid content in breast milk of adolescent and adult mothers in Ecuador

 

Stage of lactation:

 
 

Colostrum

Transition

Mature

Statistical analyses: effect of maternal age (p value)

Essential FAAs2:

  Histidine

1.45 ± 0.15a,3

2.31 ± 0.16b

2.00 ± 0.16b

p = 0.85

  Isoleucine

0.54 ± 0.06a

0.62 ± 0.07a,b

0.71 ± 0.07b

p = 0.89

  Leucine

1.31 ± 0.19a

1.69 ± 0.20a

2.86 ± 0.20b

p = 0.21

  Lysine

2.72 ± 0.27a

1.40 ± 0.29b

1.28 ± 0.29b

p = 0.54

  Methionine

0.27 ± 0.03a

0.35 ± 0.04a

0.48 ± 0.04b

p = 0.17

  Phenylalanine

0.51 ± 0.08a

0.89 ± 0.08b

1.04 ± 0.08b

p = 0.69

  Threonine

4.77 ± 0.49a

6.11 ± 0.53b

7.33 ± 0.53b

p = 0.08

  Tryptophan

nd4

nd

nd

---

  Valine

2.36 ± 0.23a

3.76 ± 0.25b

4.57 ± 0.25c

p = 0.44

Non-essential FAAs:

  Alanine

12.54 ± 1.56a

21.33 ± 1.69b

27.27 ± 1.69c

p = 0.46

  Arginine

1.56 ± 0.18a

1.05 ± 0.19b

0.95 ± 0.19b

p = 0.87

  Aspartic acid

2.41 ± 0.48a

3.78 ± 0.52b

5.56 ± 0.52c

p = 0.31

  Asparagine

nd

nd

nd

---

  Cysteine

0.65 ± 0.15a

1.28 ± 0.16b

2.24 ± 0.16c

p = 0.58

  Glutamic acid

44.44 ± 5.96a

91.25 ± 6.45b

120.33 ± 6.45c

p = 0.19

  Glutamine

10.70 ± 2.64a

33.40 ± 2.86b

61.15 ± 2.86c

p = 0.48

  Glycine

4.94 ± 0.73a

9.74 ± 0.78b

13.23 ± 0.78c

p = 0.76

  Proline

3.70 ± 0.35a

2.68 ± 0.38b

2.61 ± 0.38b

p = 0.89

  Serine

4.12 ± 0.61a

8.43 ± 0.66b

12.55 ± 0.66c

p = 0.69

  Taurine

51.24 ± 2.39a

42.49 ± 2.58b

35.72 ± 2.58c

p = 1.00

  Tyrosine

0.68 ± 0.09a

0.95 ± 0.10b

1.02 ± 0.10b

p = 0.43

Totals

Essential

13.93 ± 1.09a

17.14 ± 1.17b

20.27 ± 1.17c

p = 0.13

Non-essential

136.98 ± 11.35a

216.31 ± 12.26b

282.54 ± 12.26c

p = 0.67

All FAAs

150.91 ± 12.00a

233.44 ± 12.97b

302.82 ± 12.97c

p = 0.79

  1. 1Data are expressed as Least Squared Means (LSM) ± SEM. Estimates created from Mixed effects model.
  2. 2Classification of FAA based on Dietary Reference Intakes13.
  3. 3Different letters are statistically different from each other.
  4. 4nd = not detectable; below the limit of detection.