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Figure 1 | SpringerPlus

Figure 1

From: How to explain exercise-induced phenotype from molecular data: rethink and reconstruction based on AMPK and mTOR signaling

Figure 1

General schematic for exercise-induced adaptation in physiology: from genotype to phenotype. Based on a primary genotype, a multiple of signaling pathways are ready to be selected for exercise adaptation. The changes in ROS (Reactive Oxygen Species) level, Ca2+ uptake and release, AMP/ATP ratio and hormone release widely activate or deactivate the downstream pathways during exercise. In response to a single bout of exercise, the underlying pathway is not specific and selective. Repetition of stimulation cycles of exercise leads to an amplification of the cell signaling and thus to the changes in gene expression profile, i.e. exercise-induced phenotype.

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