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Table 5 Effects of OPS nanoparticles impregnation on mechanical and physical properties due to the exposure to weathering condition at different exposure durations

From: Natural weathering studies of oil palm trunk lumber (OPTL) green polymer composites enhanced with oil palm shell (OPS) nanoparticles

Nanoparticles (%)

Tensile strength (MPa)/month

Tensile modulus (GPa)/month

Elongation at break (%)/month

Flexural strength (MPa)/month

Flexural modulus (GPa)/month

0

6

12

0

6

12

0

6

12

0

6

12

0

6

12

0

9.81Aa

8.22Ab

6.70Ac

2.67ABa

1.89ABEb

1.02ABc

7.83Aa

7.15Ab

6.40Ac

14.46Aab

13.49Abac

12.62Acb

4.35Aa

3.65AEb

2.95ABCDEc

(0.14)*

(1/05)*

(0.90)*

(0.15)*

(0.27)*

(0.15)*

(0.35)*

(0.30)*

(0.32)*

(0.24)*

(0.90)*

(0.81)*

(0.17)*

(0.33)*

(0.32)*

 

-16.21**

-31.70**

 

-29.21**

-61.80**

 

-8.68**

-18.26**

 

-6.71**

-12.72**

 

-16.09**

-32.18**

1

12.51Ba

11.44Bba

9.75Bc

2.85BAa

1.98BAEb

1.33BAEc

7.65Ba

7.19BEb

6.42BEc

29.35Bab

28.21BEbac

27.35BEcb

4.67Ba

3.94BCb

3.12BACDEc

(0.27)*

(1.00)*

(1.00)*

(0.17)*

(0.32)*

(0.28)*

(0.37)*

(0.35)*

(0.34)*

(0.91)*

(0.84)*

(0.97)*

(0.18)*

(0.26)*

(0.29)*

 

-8.55**

-22.06**

 

-30.53**

-53.33**

 

-6.01**

-16.08**

 

-3.88**

-6.81**

 

-15.63**

-33.19**

3

17.17Ca

15.57CEb

14.25CEc

3.25CEa

2.62CDb

2.10CDc

7.18Ca

6.32CDba

5.38CDc

33.51Ca

32.72Cba

31.68Cc

4.81Ca

3.89CBb

3.20CABDEc

(0.11)*

(0.94)*

(0.96)*

(0.18)*

(0.36)*

(0.32)*

(0.38)*

(0.30)*

(0.30)*

(0.35)*

(0.68)*

(0.67)*

(0.19)*

(0.29)*

(0.29)*

 

-9.32**

-17.01**

 

-19.38**

-35.38**

 

-11.98**

-25.07**

 

-2.36**

-10.78**

 

-19.13**

-33.47**

5

19.64 Da

18.69Dba

17.38Dc

3.51 Da

2.68DCb

2.00DCc

6.42 Da

5.37DCb

4.85DCc

38.55 Da

37.62Dbc

36.84Dcb

4.95 Da

4.16Db

3.55DACDEc

(0.09)*

(0.95)*

(0.93)*

(0.20)*

(0.32)*

(0.32)*

(0.39)*

(0.31)*

(0.33)*

(0.23)*

(0.86)*

(0.67)*

(0.22)*

(0.30)*

(0.36)*

 

-4.84**

-11.07**

 

-23.65**

-43.02**

 

-16.35**

-24.45**

 

-2.41**

-4.43**

 

-15.96**

-28.28**

10

16.72Ea

15.13EDb

13.50ECc

3.12ECa

2.12EABb

1.57EAc

7.35Ea

6.18EBb

5.28EBc

30.12Ea

28.76EBbc

28.02EBcb

4.57Ea

3.85EAb

3.19EABCDc

(0.40)*

(0.83)*

(0.95)*

(0.32)*

(0.32)*

(0.30)

(0.33)*

(0.32)*

(0.34)*

(0.35)*

(0.80)*

(0.80)*

(0.27)*

(0.30)*

(0.36)*

 

-9.51**

-19.26**

 

-32.05**

-49.68**

 

-15.92**

-28.16**

 

-4.52**

-6.97**

 

-15.75**

-30.20**

Nanoparticles (%)

Impact strength (k.J/m 2 )/month

Density (g/cm 3 )/month

Water absorption (%)/month

Swelling coefficient (%)/month

Antiswelling efficiency (%)/month

0

6

12

0

6

12

0

6

12

0

6

12

0

6

12

0

6.90Aa

5.76Ab

4.55Ac

0.42Aa

0.32Ab

0.20Ac

37.98Aa

45.69Aba

50.53Ac

6.36Aa

14.65Ab

20.04ACc

47.20Aa

43.27Ab

40.04Ac

(0.28)*

(0.40)*

(0.41)*

(0.01)*

(0.03)*

(0.03)*

(0.93)*

(1.95)*

(1.52)*

(0.13)*

(1.94)*

(1.81)*

(1.32)*

(1.82)*

(1.84)*

 

-16.52**

-34.06**

 

-23.81**

-52.38**

 

+16.87**

+24.84**

 

+54.59**

+68.26**

 

-8.33**

-15.17**

1

10.92BEa

10.00BEb

9.39BEc

0.66Ba

0.52Bb

0.35Bc

27.79Ba

37.48Bb

44.77Bc

5.75Ba

11.10BCEb

14.35Bc

56.23Ba

51.37Bb

46.35Bc

(0.24)*

(0.41)*

(0.44)*

(0.01)*

(0.03)*

(0.03)*

(0.91)*

(1.51)*

(1.64)*

(0.17)*

(1.78)*

(2.08)*

(1.31)*

(1.75)

(1.99)*

 

-16.52**

-34.06**

 

-21.21**

-46.97**

 

+25.85**

+37.93**

 

+48.20**

+59.19**

 

-8.64**

-17.57**

3

13.13Ca

12.23Cb

11.34Cc

0.70Ca

0.53CBb

0.41CEc

26.34CAa

34.61Cb

38.86Cc

4.81Ca

9.88CAEb

13.24CAEc

60.82Ca

57.39Cb

57.39Cc

( 0.25)*

(0.33)*

(0.36)*

(0.01)*

(0.03)*

(0.03)*

(0.82)*

(1.67)*

(1.55)*

( 0.11)*

(1.93)*

(1.89)*

(1.44)*

(1.89)*

(1.89)*

 

-6.85**

-13.63**

 

-24.29**

-41.43**

 

+23.89**

+32.22**

 

+51.31**

+63.67**

 

-5.64**

-13.76**

5

15.85 Da

14.58Db

13.75Dc

0.89 Da

0.72Dba

0.57Dc

24.15 Da

32.58DCb

40.61DCc

3.66 Da

6.91Dbc

8.67 Dcb

69.57 Da

62.48Db

57.97Dc

(0.25)*

(0.42)*

(0.40)*

(0.02)*

(0.03)*

(0.04)*

(0.91)*

(1.65)*

(1.70)*

(0.10)*

(1.69)*

(1.85)*

(0.84)*

(1.72)*

(1.77)*

 

-8.01**

-13.25**

 

-19.10**

-35.95**

 

+25.87**

+40.53**

 

+47.03**

+57.78**

 

-10.19**

-16.67**

10

11.00EBa

10.17EBb

9.25EBc

0.68EAa

0.49EBb

0.37EACc

27.20EBa

37.58EBb

43.55EBc

6.88Ea

9.37EACbc

11.40ECcb

43.14Ea

38.43Eb

31.11Ec

(0.21)*

(0.40)*

(0.38)*

(0.01)*

(0.04)*

(0.04)*

(0.93)*

(1.85)*

(1.93)

(0.12)*

(1.93)*

(1.85)*

(1.44)*

(1.95)*

(1.99)*

 

-7.54**

-15.91**

 

-27.94**

-45.59**

 

+27.82**

+37.54**

 

+26.57**

+39.65**

 

-10.92**

-27.88**

  1. Values are means (n = 5); *Values in parentheses are standard deviation; **Changes of within weathering exposure (%); Different upper and lower case letters indicate significant differences at 95% confidence limit.