Skip to main content
SpringerPlus

Table 2 Cadmium exposure and smoking status of the subjects

From: Use of the kidney injury molecule-1 as a biomarker for early detection of renal tubular dysfunction in a population chronically exposed to cadmium in the environment

Smoking status

Blood Cd (μg/L)

Urinary Cd (μg/g Cr)

 

Men women total

Men women total

Never smoked (n=232)

4.9 (2.0)

4.4 (2.1)

4.4 (2.1)

5.9 (2.3)

7.5 (3.0)

7.3 (3.0)

Ex-smoker (n=204)

6.3 (2.0)

4.8 (2.3)

5.4 (2.2)**

6.5 (2.0)

6.4 (2.0)

6.5 (2.0)

Occasional smoker (n=39)

7.1 (1.7)

6.8 (1.6)**

6.9 (1.6)***

7.8 (1.9)

7.1 (1.7)

7.5 (1.8)

Regular smoker (n=225)

7.3 (1.8)*

6.7 (1.6)***

7.0 (1.7)***

6.1 (1.8)

7.5 (1.6)

6.6 (1.7)

  1. Cd: cadmium; μg/L: microgram per liter; μg/g Cr: microgram per gram creatinine.
  2. *P<0.05; **P<0.01; ***p<0.001 compared to never smoked group.
  3. Values of cadmium represent geometrical mean (geometrical standard).
Back to article page