Type of properties | Composition | Present study | (Koike et al.2002) | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Young's modulus (N/m2) | Tympanic membrane(tensa) | 3.34 × 107 | 3.34 × 107 | 3.2 × 107 |
 | Tympanic membrane(flaccida) | 1.11 × 107 | 1.11 × 107 | 1.0 × 107 |
 | Malleus | 1.2 × 1010 | 1.2 × 1010 | 1.41 × 1010 |
 | Incus | 1.2 × 1010 | 1.2 × 1010 | 1.41 × 1010 |
 | Stapes | 1.2 × 1010 | 1.2 × 1010 | 1.41 × 1010 |
 | Incudomalleolar joint | 1.2 × 1010 | - | 1.41 × 1010 |
 | Incudostapedial joint | 6.0 × 105 | 6.0 × 106 | 6.0 × 105 |
 | Anterior malleal ligament | 2.1 × 107 | 2.1 × 107 | 2.1 × 106 |
 | Posterior incudal ligament | 6.5 × 105 | 6.5 × 105 | 6.5 × 105 |
 | Tensor tympani muscle | 2.6 × 105 | 2.6 × 106 | 2.6 × 106 |
 | Manubrium | 4.7 × 109 | - | 4.7 × 109 |
 | Stapedius muscle | 5.2 × 105 | 5.2 × 105 | - |
 | Tympanic annular ligament | 6.0 × 105 | - | 6.0 × 105 |
Density (kg/m2) | Tympanic membrane(tensa) | 1.2 × 103 | 1.2 × 103 | 1.2 × 103 |
 | Tympanic membrane(flaccida) | 1.2 × 103 | 1.2 × 103 | 1.2 × 103 |
 | Malleus(head) | 2.55 × 103 | 2.5-6.2 × 103 | 2.55 × 103 |
 | Malleus(neck) | 4.53 × 103 | 2.5-6.2 × 103 | 4.53 × 103 |
 | Malleus(handle) | 3.70 × 103 | 2.5-6.2 × 103 | 3.70 × 103 |
 | Incus(body) | 2.36 × 103 | 2.5-6.2 × 103 | 2.36 × 103 |
 | Incus(short process) | 2.26 × 103 | 2.5-6.2 × 103 | 2.26 × 103 |
 | Incus(long process) | 5.08 × 103 | 2.5-6.2 × 103 | 5.08 × 103 |
 | Stapes | 2.2 × 103 | 2.5-6.2 × 103 | 2.2 × 103 |
 | Incudomalleolar joint | 3.2 × 103 | 2.5 × 103 | 3.2 × 103 |
 | Incudostapedial joint | 1.2 × 103 | 2.5 × 103 | 1.2 × 103 |
 | Anterior malleal ligament | 2.5 × 103 | 2.5 × 103 | - |
 | Posterior incudal ligament | 2.5 × 103 | 2.5 × 103 | - |
 | Tensor tympani muscle | 2.5 × 103 | 2.5 × 103 | - |
 | Manubrium | 1.0 × 103 | 2.5 × 103 | 1.0 × 103 |
 | Stapedius muscle | 2.5 × 103 | 2.5 × 103 | - |
 | Tympanic annular ligament | 2.5 × 103 | 2.5 × 103 | - |
Spring constant (N/m) | Stapedius annular ligament | 9 | - | 9 |
 | Cochlear fluid | 70(42) | - | 60(49) |
Poisson’s ratio |  | 0.3 | 0.3 | 0.3 |
Damping parameters (N s/m) | Cochlear fluid | 0.054 | - | 0.054 |