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Table 1 Summary of the literature on the effect of trace elements on crystallography parameters in synthetic HA

From: Trace elements can influence the physical properties of tooth enamel

Crystallographic parameters

Trace elements that increase crystallographic parameters

Trace elements that decrease crystallographic parameters

Lattice along a-axis

Fe2+, Fe3+, Zn2+a, Sr2+

SiO4 4-, CO3 2-, Zn2+ b, Ti4+

Lattice along c-axis

Fe2+, SiO4 4-, CO3 2-, Zn2+, Fe3+, Sr2+

Mg2+, Ti4+, Co2+, Ni2+, Cr3+

Crystallinity

Co2+, Ni2+, Cr3+

SiO4 4-, CO3 2-, Zn2+, Fe3+, Ti4+, Mg2+, Ce3+

Crystal domain size along c-axis

Co2+, Ni2+, Cr3+

Fe2+, SiO4 4-, CO3 2-, Zn2+, Ti4+, Mg2+, Ce3+

  1. a molar fraction >10%; b molar fraction < 10%.