Analysis on genetic diversification and heterosis in autotetraploid rice

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Table 5 Analysis of heterobeltiosis and competitive heterosis for important agronomic traits in autotetraploid and diploid rice

Traits	Heterobeltiosis (compared with better parent)								Competitive heterosis
	Diploid				Autotetraploid				(compared with corresponding diploid hybrids)
	Minimum	Maximum	Mean	+ (−)^a	Minimum	Maximum	Mean	+ (−)	Minimum	Maximum	Mean	+ (−)
	-------%-------				-------%-------				-------%-------
PH	−13.56	25.74	3.52	18 (9)	−17.94	60.36	15.26	23 (4)	−20.77	27.43	−0.38	14 (13)
EPN	−42.00	147.83	13.83	14 (13)	−82.84	11.76	10.17	11(16)	−79.45	11.22	−35.78	1 (26)
PL	−21.65	20.07	−0.96	12 (15)	−13.06	40.17	13.01	24 (3)	3.24	38.99	17.60	27 (0)
GPP	−22.36	142.45	34.03	20 (7)	−63.39	50.29	17.91	18(9)	−80.73	−5.57	−46.30	0 (27)
GD	−41.46	30.01	0.22	11 (16)	−49.44	13.74	−26.31	1 (26)	−62.92	−13.88	−40.83	0 (27)
GL	−25.92	3.39	−5.08	3 (24)	−16.96	7.10	2.77	9 (18)	10.64	57.23	24.43	27 (0)
GW	−26.90	4.44	−3.86	8 (19)	−10.63	9.89	0.64	14 (13)	−0.91	40.67	13.88	26 (1)
L/W	−42.41	−2.51	−14.98	0 (27)	−33.63	−3.46	−18.42	0 (27)	−3.55	39.73	10.51	25 (2)
GWT	−4.98	33.32	10.96	16 (11)	−25.28	34.53	11.22	22 (5)	−10.52	55.32	30.80	27 (0)
GY	−663.68	71.90	−28.95	18 (9)	−76.82	158.78	71.16	25(2)	−27.45	89.85	21.14	26(1)
SS	−676.40	−19.31	−160.43	0 (27)	−332.66	36.14	−22.33	17 (10)	−289.71	78.64	2.01	19(8)

^a indicates increased (+) or decreased (−) effects in 27 hybrids.
PH = plant height, PL = panicle length, EPN = effective panicles number, GL = grain length, GW = grain width, L/W = grain length to width ratio, GD = grain density, GPP = grains per panicle, GWT = 1000-grain weight, GY = grain yield and SS = seed set ratio.