Maternal factors contributing to under-five mortality at birth order 1 to 5 in India: a comprehensive multivariate study

Singh, Rajvir; Tripathi, Vrijesh

doi:10.1186/2193-1801-2-284

SpringerPlus

Table 2 Univariate analysis of child mortality across birth order (1–5)

From: Maternal factors contributing to under-five mortality at birth order 1 to 5 in India: a comprehensive multivariate study

Variables	Categories	Birth order−1	Birth order −2	Birth order −3	Birth order −4	Birth order −5
		Unadjusted	Unadjusted	Unadjusted	Unadjusted	Unadjusted
		OR & CI 95%	OR & CI 95%	OR & CI 95%	OR & CI 95%	OR & CI 95%
Mother’s age	Continuous	0.93(0.91– 0.94)	0.93(0.91- 0.95)	0.95(0.93- 0.98)	0.97(0.95 - 0.99)	0.99(0.96 - 1.02)
Gender of child	Female	0.78(0.68 – 0.89)	1.04(0.89– 1.21)	1.03(0.85– 1.26)	1.26(1.01– 1.58)	1.48(1.12– 1.96)
Place of residence	Rural	1.73(1.50 – 2.00)	1.50(1.27– 1.78)	1.27(1.02– 1.57)	1.12(0.87– 1.45)	0.96(0.69– 1.31)
Religion	Muslim	1.03(0.85 – 1.25)	0.81(0.64– 1.03)	1.15(0.89– 1.47)	0.57(0.41– 0.80)	0.67(0.46– 0.98)
	Christian	0.66(0.50 – 0.87)	0.81(0.60– 1.10)	0.81(0.48– 1.03)	0.88(0.61– 1.27)	0.78(0.49– 1.22)
	Others	0.88(0.65 – 1.22)	0.73(0.48– 1.11)	0.73(0.52– 1.46)	0.98(0.55– 1.75)	1.14(0.58– 2.22)
Caste	Scheduled tribe	0.97(0.78 – 1.22)	0.87(0.67– 1.12)	0.84(0.61– 1.15)	0.97(0.70– 1.36)	0.81(0.53– 1.24)
	Other backward classes	0.87(0.72 – 1.05)	0.74(0.59– 0.91)	0.80(0.61– 1.04)	0.82(0.60– 1.12)	0.91(0.62– 1.33)
	Others	0.62(0.51 – 0.76)	0.58(0.46– 0.73)	0.75(0.56– 1.10)	0.66(0.46– 0.95)	0.85(0.55– 1.32)
Wealth index	Middle	0.65(0.55 – 0.77)	0.61(0.49 – 0.75)	0.64(0.49 – 0.83)	0.68(0.50 – 0.93)	1.17(0.84 – 1.63)
Wealth index	Richer & richest	0.33(0.28 – 0.39)	0.40(0.34 – 0.48)	0.53(0.42 – 0.67)	0.63(0.63 – 1.08)	0.70(0.47 – 1.04)
Standard of living	Medium	0.63(0.52 – 0.75)	0.72(0.60 – 0.88)	0.67(0.53 – 0.86)	0.80(0.62 – 1.04)	0.77(0.57 – 1.06)
Standard of living	High	0.36(0.30 – 0.43)	0.35(0.28 – 0.43)	0.57(0.44 – 0.74)	0.71(0.52 – 0.97)	0.68(0.45 – 1.02)
Mother’s education	Primary	0.76(0.63 – 0.92)	0.67(0.54 – 0.84)	0.90(0.70 – 1.17)	0.82(0.58–1.15)	0.83(0.53– 1.28)
	Secondary	0.42(0.36 – 0.49)	0.38(0.31 – 0.45)	0.55(0.40 – 0.69)	0.74(0.55– 0.99)	0.82(0.55– 1.24)
	Higher	0.21(0.15 – 0.28)	0.15(0.09 – 0.25)	0.39(0.10 – 0.84)	0.63(0.20– 2.01)	0.89(0.12– 6.87)
Father’s education	Primary	0.80(0.65 – 0.98)	0.89(0.70 – 1.13)	1.04(0.78 – 1.39)	0.99(0.72 – 1.36)	1.05(0.71 – 1.54)
	Secondary	0.48(0.41 – 0.57)	0.56(0.46 – 0.68)	0.82(0.65 – 1.03)	0.86(0.66 – 1.11)	0.88(0.64 – 1.21)
	Higher	0.29(0.22 – 0.37)	0.27(0.20 – 0.38)	0.53(0.33 – 0.85)	0.52(0.26 – 0.03)	0.52(0.18 – 1.45)
Mother’s occupation	Service	1.02(0.83 – 1.26)	1.35(1.08 – 1.69)	1.19(0.90 – 1.57)	1.23(0.90– 1.70)	1.40(0.96– 2.04)
Mother’s occupation	Agriculture	1.79(1.52 – 2.10)	1.75(1.45 – 2.11)	1.14(0.91 – 1.44)	1.18(0.91– 1.53)	1.06(0.77– 1.45)
Father’s occupation	Service	0.76(0.46 – 1.28)	1.90(0.60 – 6.00)	0.94(0.34 – 2.65)	1.43(0.34– 5.94)	0.65(0.14 – 2.70)
Father’s occupation	Agriculture	1.15(0.68 – 1.93)	2.53(0.80 – 8.00)	0.88(0.32 – 2.45)	1.47(0.35– 6.15)	0.59(0.13 – 2.60)
Mother’s anaemia	Moderate	0.99(0.50 – 1.66)	0.57(0.36 – 0.91)	0.56(0.31 – 0.99)	0.80(0.40– 1.61)	0.72(0.34– 1.55)
	Mild- anaemia	0.74(0.45 – 1.23)	0.38(0.24 – 0.59)	0.43(0.25 – 0.76)	0.54(0.27– 1.07)	0.42(0.20– 0.89)
	No- anaemia	0.62(0.37 – 1.02)	0.32(0.21 – 0.51)	0.34(0.19 – 0.60)	0.52(0.26– 1.04)	0.49(0.23– 1.02)
Prenatal care	Yes	0.50(0.37 – 0.68)	0.45(0.34 – 0.60)	0.78(0.55 – 1.10)	0.79(0.55 – 1.12)	1.23(0.80 – 1.88)
Antenatal care	Govt. hospital	0.75(0.51 – 1.10)	1.20(0.78 – 2.03)	0.83(0.50 – 1.36)	1.40(0.66 – 2.98)	1.07 (0.51– 2.24)
	Private hospital	0.53(0.36 – 0.78)	0.83(0.51 – 1.36)	0.62(0.36 – 1.09)	1.64(0.76 – 3.57)	0.67(0.29 – 1.57)
	Village/NGO	0.82(0.36 – 1.88)	1.18(0.44 – 3.17)	0.21(0.03 – 1.65)	0.72(0.09 – 5.89)	0.59(0.07 – 4.79)
Information regarding complications in pregnancy	Yes	0.52(0.39 – 0.70)	0.90(0.67 – 1.20)	0.83(0.53 – 1.25)	0.80(0.48– 1.31)	0.79(0.38 – 1.61)
Pregnancy health nutrition education	Yes	1.12(0.80 – 1.60)	0.94(0.63 – 1.41)	0.90(0.53 – 1.53)	0.70(0.37 – 1.34)	0.87(0.40 – 1.91)
Breastfeeding health nutrition education	Yes	0.76(0.40 – 1.43)	1.08(0.62 – 1.89)	1.07(0.51 – 2.34)	0.93(0.36 – 2.41)	1.30(0.54 – 3.16)
Size of child at birth	Average	0.88(0.74 – 1.05)	0.92(0.75 – 1.14)	1.02(0.78 – 1.33)	1.23(0.88 – 1.71)	1.40(0.94 – 2.12)
Size of child at birth	Below average	1.54(1.27 – 1.86)	1.93(1.54 – 2.42)	1.80(1.34 – 2.40)	2.56(1.80 – 3.65)	2.00(1.29 – 3.14)
Place of delivery	Hospital	0.50(0.44 – 0.57)	0.54(0.46 – 0.64)	0.75(0.61 – 0.94)	1.02(0.78 – 1.32)	1.13(0.80 – 1.59)
Breastfeeding	Yes	0.42(0.37 – 0.48)	0.48(0.41 – 0.56)	0.40(0.33 – 0.49)	0.38(0.30 – 0.48)	0.32(0.24 – 0.43)
Immunization	Yes	0.76(0.60 – 0.98)	0.57(0.40 – 0.82)	0.78(0.51 – 1.21)	0.92(0.56 – 1.55)	0.77(0.36 – 1.63)
Child age in months	1-12 months	0.35(0.30 – 0.41)	0.60(0.50 – 0.73)	0.64(0.52 – 0.80)	0.70(0.55 – 0.92)	0.63(0.45 – 0.87)
Child age in months	>12 month	0.03(0.20 – 0.04)	0.46(0.38 – 0.56)	0.08(0.05 – 0.10)	0.07(0.05 – 0.11)	0.09(0.06 – 0.13)
Birth interval	24-36 months	--	0.60(0.50 – 0.73)	0.54(0.41 – 0.70)	0.53(0.41 – 0.70)	0.55(0.40 – 0.76)
Birth interval	>36 months	--	0.46(0.38 – 0.56)	0.43(0.34 – 0.55)	0.38(0.28 – 0.51)	0.31(0.22 – 0.45)

Reference Category: Gender of Child: Male; Place of residence: Rural; Religion: Hindu; Caste: Schedule Caste; Wealth Index: Poorer & poorest; Standard of living: Low; Women education: No formal education; Father Education: No formal Education; Mother Occupation: Non-Working; Father Occupation: Non-Working; Mother Smoking: No; Mother Anemia: Severe; Prenatal Care: No; Antenatal Care: Home; Information regarding complications in pregnancy: No; Pregnancy Health Nutrition Education: No; and Breastfeeding Health Nutrition: No. Size of Child at birth: Above average; Place of delivery: Home; Breastfeeding: No; Immunization: No; Pregnancy Complication: No and Birth Interval: <24 months. ; Child age in months: < 1 month and Birth Interval: < 24 months.

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