Table 1 Distribution of covariates across birth order (1–5) of children and their percentage of deaths in parenthesis
Variables | Category | Birth order | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Total | 1 (16567) | 2 (14409) | 3 (8318) | 4 (5021) | 5 (3034) | |
Mother’s age at index child | Continuous | 23.7 ± 4.2 | 25.8 ± 4.3 | 27.4 ± 4.3 | 29 ± 4.3 | 31 ± 4.5 |
Gender of child | Male | 8474(6.3) | 7521(4.4) | 4447(5) | 2621(5.6) | 1556(5.8) |
Female | 8093(5) | 6888(4.6) | 3871(5.1) | 2400(7.0) | 1478(8.3) | |
Place of residence | Rural | 9282(6.9) | 8366(5.2) | 5429(5.4) | 3484(6.5) | 2246(6.9) |
Urban | 7285(4.1) | 6043(3.5) | 2889(4.3) | 1537(5.8) | 788(7.2) | |
Religion | Hindu | 12062(5.8) | 10409(4.7) | 5678(5.1) | 3213(6.9) | 1876(7.7) |
Muslim | 2231(6) | 2062(3.9) | 1450(5.8) | 1026(4.1) | 660(5.3) | |
Christian | 1431(3.9) | 1238(3.9) | 827(3.6) | 585(6.2) | 377(6.1) | |
Others | 830(5.2) | 684(3.5) | 358(4.5) | 191(6.8) | 115(8.7) | |
Type of caste | Scheduled caste | 2759(6.8) | 2543(5.9) | 1591(5.9) | 962(7.3) | 594(7.9) |
Scheduled tribe | 2204(6.7) | 1924(5.2) | 1437(5.0) | 1074(7.1) | 705(6.5) | |
Other backward classes | 5298(6.0) | 4714(4.4) | 2794(4.8) | 1644(6.0) | 1038(7.2) | |
Others | 5634(4.4) | 4676(3.5) | 2140(4.5) | 1122(4.9) | 586(6.8) | |
Wealth index | Poorest | 1890(10.8) | 1872(7.2) | 1597(6.2) | 1303(8.1) | 969(7.8) |
Poorer | 2412(8.7) | 2287(7.0) | 1713(7.2) | 1194(5.9) | 776(5.4) | |
Middle | 3231(6.5) | 2945(4.4) | 1854(4.4) | 1115(4.9) | 649(8.3) | |
Richer | 4048(4.1) | 3569(3.8) | 1859(3.8) | 930(6.9) | 444(4.1) | |
Richest | 4986(2.9) | 3736(2.2) | 1295(3.5) | 479(4.0) | 196(7.7) | |
Standard of living | Low | 2554(9.8) | 2677(6.9) | 2184(6.7) | 1745(7.4) | 1232(8.4) |
Medium | 4531(6.4) | 4302(5.1) | 2888(4.6) | 1814(6.1) | 1122(6.6) | |
High | 7372(3.7) | 6077(2.5) | 2642(3.9) | 1152(5.4) | 566(5.8) | |
Mother’s education | No formal education | 4122(9.4) | 4468(7.4) | 3879(6.1) | 3099(6.8) | 2143(7.4) |
Primary | 2242(7.4) | 2160(5.1) | 1438(5.6) | 742(5.7) | 405(6.2) | |
Secondary | 8058(4.2) | 6374(2.9) | 2721(3.5) | 1112(5.1) | 471(6.2) | |
Higher | 2144(2.1) | 1407(1.2) | 280(2.5) | 68(4.4) | 15(6.7) | |
Father’s education | No formal education | 2409(9.7) | 2598(6.9) | 2180(5.7) | 1734(6.8) | 1286(7.4) |
Primary | 2016(7.9) | 1967(6.2) | 1362(5.9) | 892(6.7) | 531(7.7) | |
Secondary | 8944(4.9) | 7532(4.0) | 4037(4.7) | 2091(5.9) | 1073(6.5) | |
Higher | 3010(3.0) | 2171(1.9) | 645(3.1) | 247(3.6) | 100(4.0) | |
Mother’s occupation | Non-working | 12080(5.1) | 9836(3.8) | 5059(4.8) | 2770(5.8) | 1531(6.5) |
Service | 2079(5.2) | 1995(5.1) | 1192(5.6) | 770(7.0) | 472(8.9) | |
Agriculture | 2400(8.8) | 2564(6.5) | 2057(5.4) | 1480(6.8) | 1031(6.9) | |
Father’s occupation | Non-working | 243(6.6) | 133(2.3) | 75(5.3) | 45(4.4) | 18(11.1) |
Service | 12626(5.1) | 10908(4.2) | 5881(5.1) | 3336(6.2) | 1904(7.1) | |
Agriculture | 3610(7.5) | 3315(5.5) | 2332(4.7) | 1625(6.4) | 1100(6.8) | |
Mother’s anemia level | Severe | 218(7.8) | 211(10.9) | 134(11.2) | 98(10.2) | 70(12.9) |
Moderate | 2415(7.7) | 2119(6.6) | 1222(6.5) | 770(8.3) | 518(9.7) | |
Mild | 5801(5.9) | 5050(4.4) | 3045(5.2) | 1873(5.8) | 1094(5.9) | |
Not anaemic | 6603(5.0) | 5729(3.8) | 3085(4.1) | 1727(5.6) | 1000(6.7) | |
Prenatal care | No | 945(5.8) | 1194(5.1) | 1271(3.5) | 1040(4.6) | 828(3.9) |
Yes | 944(3) | 4676(3.5) | 2140(4.5) | 1122(4.9) | 586(6.8) | |
Antenatal care | Home | 757(4.5) | 880(2.3) | 538(3.5) | 308(2.6) | 178(5.1) |
Govt. hospital | 3876(3.4) | 4432(2.8) | 2598(3) | 1499(3.6) | 780(5.4) | |
Private hospital | 4606(2.4) | 4219(1.9) | 1752(2.2) | 858(4.2) | 433(3.5) | |
Village/NGO | 188(3.7) | 188(2.7) | 126(0.8) | 53(1.9) | 33(3.0) | |
Information regarding complications in pregnancy | No | 6294(3.6) | 6735(2.4) | 3746(2.8) | 2103(3.9) | 1193(4.9) |
Yes | 3148(1.9) | 2993(2.2) | 1276(2.4) | 619(3.1) | 233(3.9) | |
Pregnancy health Nutrition education | No | 1574(4.1) | 1371(3.6) | 915(3.6) | 534(5.1) | 352(5.4) |
Yes | 1474(4.6) | 1368(3.4) | 765(3.3) | 415(3.6) | 211(4.7) | |
Breastfeeding health nutrition education | No | 1300(1.9) | 1131(2.2) | 764(2.1) | 450(2.4) | 279(4.3) |
Yes | 1090(1.5) | 1049(2.4) | 582(2.2) | 309(2.3) | 163(5.5) | |
Size of child at birth | Very large | 592(6.6) | 577(3.8) | 308(4.9) | 191(6.8) | 109(2.8) |
Larger than average | 3181(4.8) | 2848(3.9) | 1519(4.1) | 880(3.9) | 527(6.3) | |
Average | 9040(4.5) | 8008(3.6) | 4725(4.4) | 2853(5.3) | 1689(6.7) | |
Smaller than average | 2425(6.2) | 1932(5.4) | 1140(6.1) | 705(5.3) | 442(7.5) | |
Very small | 1056(10.9) | 801(11.4) | 467(10.7) | 295(15.3) | 211(13.3) | |
Place of delivery | At home | 6115(7.9) | 7019(5.7) | 5406(5.5) | 3716(6.1) | 2423(6.8) |
At Hospital/others | 10418(4.1) | 7372(3.2) | 2906(4.2) | 1300(6.2) | 607(7.6) | |
Assistance at delivery | No | 35(25.7) | 58(3.4) | 64(3.1) | 53(9.4) | 53(0) |
Yes | 16495(5.4) | 14327(4.4) | 8247(5) | 4961(6.1) | 2976(7.1) | |
Breastfeeding | No | 5457(9) | 5474(6.5) | 2942(8.0) | 1762(10.2) | 1034(12.3) |
Yes | 11110(4.0) | 8935(3.2) | 5376(3.4) | 3259(4.1) | 2000(4.3) | |
Immunization | No | 7333(5.3) | 6099(4.4) | 3260(5.1) | 1785(6.7) | 1029(6.7) |
Yes | 1813(4.1) | 1296(2.5) | 595(4.0) | 287(6.3) | 153(5.2) | |
Child age in months | <1 month | 3844(16.9) | 3127(12.8) | 1725(12.7) | 1055(15.6) | 627(17.4) |
1- 12 months | 3390(6.7) | 2993(6.3) | 1720(8.5) | 912(11.6) | 609(11.7) | |
> 12 months | 9333(0.6) | 8289(0.7) | 4873(1.1) | 3054(1.4) | 1798(1.8) | |
Birth interval | < 24 months | --- | 4204(6.5) | 2197(7.9) | 1291(10.1) | 756(11.8) |
24-36 months | --- | 4707(4.0) | 2964(4.5) | 1833(5.7) | 1150(6.9) | |
>36 months | --- | 5380(3.1) | 3152(3.6) | 1896(4.1) | 1128(4.0) | |
Region | North | 3009(4.8) | 2717(4.3) | 1589(5) | 856(6.5) | 487(6) |
Central | 2969(8.9) | 2744(6) | 1978(7.4) | 1428(7.4) | 989(9.8) | |
East | 2566(7.3) | 2083(5.2) | 1301(5.4) | 854(5.6) | 541(5.9) | |
North East | 2965(4.5) | 2422(4.6) | 1573(4.7) | 1083(6.5) | 628(5.6) | |
West | 2191(3.8) | 1825(3.6) | 832(4.2) | 389(5.7) | 214(4.7) | |
South | 2867(4.3) | 2618(3) | 1045(3.8) | 411(3.2) | 175(5.7) | |