Table 3 Logistic regression models for major depressive symptoms (CES-D score ≥ 23)
From: Comparative study of major depressive symptoms among pregnant women by employment status
Variables | Models | ||
|---|---|---|---|
Model 1 Unadjusted OR (95% CI) | Model 2 Adjusted OR (95% CI) | Model 3 Adjusted OR (95% CI) | |
Employment status | |||
Working women (Ref.) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Women who had stopped working | 2.04 (1.66-2.50) *** | 1.60 (1.30-1.98) *** | 1.61 (1.26-2.04) *** |
Housewives | 2.87 (2.28-3.60) *** | 1.69 (1.32-2.17) *** | 1.46 (1.10-1.94) ** |
Students | 2.02 (1.37-2.98) *** | 1.39 (0.93-2.08) | 1.37 (0.87-2.16) |
Demographic variables | |||
Age group (years) | |||
< 25 years (Ref.) | 1.00 | 1.00 | |
25-34 years | 0.81 (0.65-1.01) | 0.91 (0.71-1.17) | |
≥ 35 years | 0.77 (0.57-1.05) | 0.77 (0.55-1.09) | |
Country of birth | |||
Canada (Ref) | 1.00 | 1.00 | |
Other countries | 1.70 (1.40-2.05)*** | 1.25 (1.01-1.57)* | |
Single-parent family | |||
No (Ref) | 1.00 | ||
Yes | 2.43 (1.93-3.05)*** | 1.12 (0.76-1.64) | |
Level of education | |||
Partial high school (Ref.) | 1.00 | 1.00 | |
Partial college | 0.63 (0.49-0.83) ** | 0.70 (0.52-0.94) * | |
College completed/Partial university | 0.55 (0.43-0.71) *** | 0.71 (0.53-0.96) * | |
University degree | 0.35 (0.26-0.46) *** | 0.47 (0.34-0.66) *** | |
Socioeconomic variables, life style habits and stressors | |||
Reported a lack of money | |||
No (Ref.) | 1.00 | ||
Yes | 1.30 (1.06-1.61) * | ||
Smoking during pregnancy | |||
Non-smoker (Ref) | 1.00 | ||
Occasionally/Regularly | 1.44 (1.13-1.84) ** | ||
Chronic health problem | |||
None (Ref.) | 1.00 | ||
At least one | 1.31 (1.03-1.66) * | ||
Stressful life events | |||
None (Ref.) | 1.00 | ||
One or two | 1.25 (0.92-1.70) | ||
More than two | 2.20 (1.60-3.02) *** | ||
Social support outside work | |||
Present (Ref.) | 1.00 | ||
Absent | 4.47 (3.55-5.63) *** | ||
Marital strain | |||
No marital strain (Ref.) | 1.00 | ||
Low or moderate marital strain | 1.54 (1.10-2.16) * | ||
High marital strain | 4.27 (3.11-5.88) *** | ||
No partner | 5.07 (2.98-8.63) *** | ||
Model results | |||
Overall percentage of correct classification | 88.1% | 88.2% | 89.3% |
−2 log likelihood | 3680.82 | 3468.58 | 2780.16 |
Model Chi-square | 95.36 | 293.04 | 758.13 |
Degree of freedom | 3 | 10 | 19 |
P-value | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 |
ROC curve | |||
Area under the curve (95% CI) | 0.611 (0.588-0.635) | 0.703 (0.681-0.724) | 0.818 (0.800-0.836) |
P-value | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 |