From: Comparative study of major depressive symptoms among pregnant women by employment status
Variables | Major depressive symptoms | |
---|---|---|
CES-D score ≥ 23 | ||
% | Unadjusted odds ratio (95% CI) | |
Employment status (n = 5169) | ||
Working women | 7.6 | 1.00 |
Women who had stopped working | 14.4 | 2.04 (1.66-2.50) *** |
Housewives | 19.1 | 2.87 (2.28-3.60) *** |
Students | 14.3 | 2.02 (1.37-2.98) *** |
Mother’s age (years) (n = 5166) | ||
< 25 years | 19.2 | 1.00 |
25-34 years | 10.3 | 0.48 (0.39-0.58) *** |
≥ 35 years | 9.7 | 0.45 (0.34-0.58) *** |
Country of birth (n = 5166) | ||
Canada | 10.4 | 1.00 |
Other countries | 15.9 | 1.65 (1.38-1.98) *** |
Parity (n = 5161) | ||
Primiparous | 10.8 | 1.00 |
Multiparous | 13.5 | 1.30 (1.09-1.54) ** |
Single-parent family (n = 5147) | ||
No | 9.9 | 1.00 |
Yes | 29.1 | 3.76 (3.05-4.65) *** |
Level of education (n = 5169) | ||
Partial high school | 24.1 | 1.00 |
Partial college | 14.4 | 0.52 (0.41-0.67) *** |
College completed/Partial university | 11.0 | 0.38 (0.31-0.48) *** |
University degree | 6.5 | 0.22 (0.17-0.28) *** |
Household income (n = 5169) | ||
<$15 000 | 25.7 | 1.00 |
≥ $15,000 and < $30,000 | 16.1 | 0.55 (0.41-0.73) *** |
≥ $30,000 and < $50,000 | 10.7 | 0.34 (0.26-0.45) *** |
≥ $50,000 and < $80,000 | 6.0 | 0.18 (0.13-0.25) *** |
≥ $80,000 | 4.5 | 0.13 (0.09-0.19) *** |
Not revealed | 20.8 | 0.75 (0.57-0.99) * |
Reported a lack of money ( n = 5136) | ||
No | 9.0 | 1.00 |
Yes | 20.0 | 2.51 (2.11-2.99) *** |
Smoking during pregnancy (n = 5121) | ||
Non-smoker | 10.4 | 1.00 |
Occasionally/Regularly | 20.1 | 2.17 (1.78-2.65) *** |
Alcohol consumption during pregnancy (n = 5165) | ||
No alcohol | 12.8 | 1.00 |
≤ 2 times/month | 11.2 | 0.85 (0.71-1.01) |
Several times/week | 10.9 | 0.82 (0.57-1.19) |
Chronic health problem (n = 5169) | ||
None | 10.6 | 1.00 |
At least one | 18.9 | 1.95 (1.60-2.39) *** |
Stressful life events (n = 5114) | ||
None | 5.8 | 1.00 |
One or two | 9.6 | 1.72 (1.31-2.27) *** |
More than two | 22.3 | 4.70 (3.56-6.20) *** |
Social support outside work (n = 5169) | ||
Present | 8.2 | 1.00 |
Absent | 40.7 | 7.66 (6.30-9.31) *** |
Marital strain (n = 5061) | ||
No marital strain | 3.7 | 1.00 |
Low or moderate marital strain | 7.0 | 1.95 (1.41-2.69) *** |
High marital strain | 22.2 | 7.37 (5.46-9.96) *** |
No partner | 36.3 | 14.74(10.23-21.22) *** |