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Table 2 Variables associated with major depressive symptoms (CES-D score ≥ 23)

From: Comparative study of major depressive symptoms among pregnant women by employment status

Variables

Major depressive symptoms

 

CES-D score ≥ 23

 

%

Unadjusted odds ratio (95% CI)

Employment status (n = 5169)

Working women

7.6

1.00

Women who had stopped working

14.4

2.04 (1.66-2.50) ***

Housewives

19.1

2.87 (2.28-3.60) ***

Students

14.3

2.02 (1.37-2.98) ***

Mother’s age (years) (n = 5166)

< 25 years

19.2

1.00

25-34 years

10.3

0.48 (0.39-0.58) ***

≥ 35 years

9.7

0.45 (0.34-0.58) ***

Country of birth (n = 5166)

Canada

10.4

1.00

Other countries

15.9

1.65 (1.38-1.98) ***

Parity (n = 5161)

Primiparous

10.8

1.00

Multiparous

13.5

1.30 (1.09-1.54) **

Single-parent family (n = 5147)

No

9.9

1.00

Yes

29.1

3.76 (3.05-4.65) ***

Level of education (n = 5169)

Partial high school

24.1

1.00

Partial college

14.4

0.52 (0.41-0.67) ***

College completed/Partial university

11.0

0.38 (0.31-0.48) ***

University degree

6.5

0.22 (0.17-0.28) ***

Household income (n = 5169)

<$15 000

25.7

1.00

≥ $15,000 and < $30,000

16.1

0.55 (0.41-0.73) ***

≥ $30,000 and < $50,000

10.7

0.34 (0.26-0.45) ***

≥ $50,000 and < $80,000

6.0

0.18 (0.13-0.25) ***

≥ $80,000

4.5

0.13 (0.09-0.19) ***

Not revealed

20.8

0.75 (0.57-0.99) *

Reported a lack of money ( n = 5136)

No

9.0

1.00

Yes

20.0

2.51 (2.11-2.99) ***

Smoking during pregnancy (n = 5121)

Non-smoker

10.4

1.00

Occasionally/Regularly

20.1

2.17 (1.78-2.65) ***

Alcohol consumption during pregnancy (n = 5165)

No alcohol

12.8

1.00

≤ 2 times/month

11.2

0.85 (0.71-1.01)

Several times/week

10.9

0.82 (0.57-1.19)

Chronic health problem (n = 5169)

None

10.6

1.00

At least one

18.9

1.95 (1.60-2.39) ***

Stressful life events (n = 5114)

None

5.8

1.00

One or two

9.6

1.72 (1.31-2.27) ***

More than two

22.3

4.70 (3.56-6.20) ***

Social support outside work (n = 5169)

Present

8.2

1.00

Absent

40.7

7.66 (6.30-9.31) ***

Marital strain (n = 5061)

No marital strain

3.7

1.00

Low or moderate marital strain

7.0

1.95 (1.41-2.69) ***

High marital strain

22.2

7.37 (5.46-9.96) ***

No partner

36.3

14.74(10.23-21.22) ***

  1. *p <0 .05. **p <0 .01. ***p < 0.001.
  2. CES-D: Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale.