Table 1 Demographic, socioeconomic and psychological characteristics of pregnant women, by employment status
From: Comparative study of major depressive symptoms among pregnant women by employment status
Pregnant women’s employment status | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Total | Working women | Women who had stopped working | Housewives | Students | |
N = 5337 | N = 2514 (47.1%) | N = 1665 (31.2%) | N = 893 (16.7%) | N = 265 (5.0%) | |
Demographic variables | |||||
Mother’s age (years) (n = 5334) | |||||
< 25 years (%) | 19.8 | 11.7 a b c | 26.7 | 28.1 d e | 25.7 |
25-34 years (%) | 61.8 | 65.9 | 59.6 | 54.1 | 63.0 |
≥ 35 years (%) | 18.4 | 22.4 | 13.7 | 17.8 | 11.3 |
Country of birth (n = 5334) | |||||
Canada (%) | 71.8 | 75.8 b c | 75.7 | 63.6 d e | 37.7 f |
Other countries (%) | 28.2 | 24.2 | 24.3 | 36.4 | 62.3 |
Parity (n = 5328) | |||||
Primiparous (%) | 58.5 | 63.4 b c | 63.5 | 36.3 d e | 56.6 f |
Multiparous (%) | 41.5 | 36.6 | 36.5 | 63.7 | 43.4 |
Single-parent family (n = 5313) | |||||
No (%) | 89.5 | 94.0 a b c | 88.8 | 79.8 d | 84.5 f |
Yes (%) | 10.5 | 6.0 | 11.2 | 20.2 | 15.5 |
Level of education (n = 5337) | |||||
Partial high school (%) | 15.6 | 6.9 a b c | 17.3 | 37.8 d e | 12.8 f |
Partial college (%) | 16.9 | 13.6 | 21.4 | 17.7 | 17.8 |
College completed/Partial university (%) | 29.5 | 29.9 | 33.9 | 21.1 | 26.0 |
University degree (%) | 37.9 | 49.5 | 27.4 | 23.4 | 43.4 |
Socioeconomic variables, lifestyle habits and stressors | |||||
Household income (n = 5337) | |||||
<$15 000 | 10.5 | 4.3 a b c | 9.8 | 25.3 d | 23.8 f |
≥ $15,000 and < $30,000 | 13.8 | 10.4 | 16.9 | 15.8 | 18.9 |
≥ $30,000 and < $50,000 | 20.3 | 19.3 | 25.3 | 14.3 | 17.7 |
≥ $50,000 and < $80,000 | 24.1 | 30.5 | 23.1 | 12.2 | 8.7 |
≥ $80,000 | 18.7 | 27.9 | 12.3 | 8.5 | 6.0 |
Not revealed | 12.7 | 7.6 | 12.6 | 23.9 | 24.9 |
Reported a lack of money (n = 5302) | |||||
No (%) | 74.1 | 78.6 a b c | 71.8 | 66.4 d | 71.6 |
Yes (%) | 25.9 | 21.4 | 28.2 | 33.6 | 28.4 |
Smoking during pregnancy (n = 5287) | |||||
Non-smoker (%) | 84.1 | 89.8 a b c | 79.7 | 76.0 d e | 84.8 |
Occasionally/Regularly (%) | 15.9 | 10.2 | 20.3 | 24.0 | 15.2 |
Alcohol consumption during pregnancy (n = 5333) | |||||
No alcohol (%) | 46.9 | 41 a b c | 46.5 | 60.7 d | 59.7 f |
≤ 2 times/month (%) | 46.7 | 50.8 | 48.8 | 35.3 | 32.8 |
Several times/week | 6.4 | 8.2 | 4.7 | 4.0 | 7.5 |
Chronic health problem (n = 5337) | |||||
None (%) | 84.4 | 86.6 a b | 82.8 | 80.2 e | 86.8 |
At least one (%) | 15.6 | 13.4 | 17.2 | 19.8 | 13.2 |
Stressful life events (n = 5273) | |||||
None (%) | 23.3 | 28.0 a b c | 19.0 | 18.8 | 22.1 |
One or two (%) | 51.6 | 52.3 | 51.5 | 49.4 | 51.9 |
More than two (%) | 25.1 | 19.7 | 29.5 | 31.8 | 26.0 |
Social support outside work (n = 5337) | |||||
Present (%) | 88.4 | 90.8 b c | 89.5 | 81.4 d | 81.9 f |
Absent (%) | 11.6 | 9.2 | 10.5 | 18.6 | 18.1 |
Marital strain (n = 5191) | |||||
No marital strain | 28.4 | 29.9 a b c | 28.7 | 24.8 d | 23.7 f |
Low or moderate marital strain | 39.5 | 41.9 | 39.7 | 33.2 | 36.7 |
High marital strain | 26.3 | 25.4 | 26.0 | 28.6 | 29.8 |
No partner | 5.8 | 2.8 | 5.6 | 13.4 | 9.8 |
Depressive symptoms | |||||
CES-D score (n = 5169) | |||||
Mean (SD) | 11.3 (8.64) | 10.45 (7.53) a b c | 12.79 (8.85) | 14.20 (10.19) d | 13.40 (9.27) |
Major depressive symptoms (n = 5169) | |||||
% CES-D ≥ 23 (95% CI) | 11.9 (11.0-12.8) | 7.6 (6.6-8.7) a b c | 14.4 (12.7-16.1) | 19.1(16.5-21.8) d | 14.3 (10.3-19.1) |