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Table 4 Diet (as percent of feeding time) of free-ranging and unprovisioned macaque groups of different species, sorted by decreasing percentage of fruit eaten and by species

From: Ecology of an endemic primate species (Macaca siberu) on Siberut Island, Indonesia

Species

Fruits (Pods)

Flowers

Seeds

Leaves

Buds

Shoots

Herbs

Stem

Pith

Bark

Roots

Sap/Resin

Fungi

Lichens

Invertebrates

Vertebrates

Other

Source

Tropical/subtropical climate

M. tonkeana

85.8

0.8

 

4.2

 

3.1

 

0

    

0.3

 

5.6

 

0.4

1

M. tonkeana

78.1

0.8

 

2.9

 

1.8

 

0.3

    

1

 

14.6

 

0.4

1

M. nigrescens

85.1

y

 

3.5

 

y

 

y

      

8.9

 

2.5

2

M. siberu

75.7

0.2

 

4.4

 

0.2

  

2.6

  

0.6

4.5

 

11.9

  

3

M. n. nemestrina

74.6

1.1

 

7.0

3.0

  

1.9

      

12.2

0.4

 

4

M. fascicularis

66.7a

8.9

y

17.2

          

4.1

 

3.2

5

M. fascicularis

63.7

8.8

 

24.0

          

4.4

  

6

M. fascicularis

52.4

5.4

 

16.1

      

2.9

   

23.3

  

7

M. fascicularis

44.9

6.5

 

8.4

   

6.3

 

7.9

  

6.6

 

11.3

 

8.0

8

M. fascicularis

30.0

4.1

 

10.5

   

4.4

 

30.2

  

1.8

 

15.5

 

3.4

8

M. fascicularis

25.0

1

45.0b

9.0

   

13.0c

      

5.0

 

2

9

M. fascicularis

15.1

6.4

 

5.5

   

4.1

 

44.9

  

2.7

 

19.5

 

1.8

8

M. fascicularis

4.0

  

41.0

    

6.0d

     

46.0

 

10

M. nigra

66.0

y

y

2.5 (+ y)

 

y

y

 

y

   

y

 

31.5

  

11

M. nigra

61.5

0.1

 

8.1 (+ y)

y

  

y

    

2.5

 

27.6

0.2

0.1

12

M. nigra

56.9

0.1

 

9.0 (+ y)

y

  

y

    

1.1

 

31.7

0.1

0.8

12

M. (n.) leonina

65.9

2.1

6.1

7.7e

y

1.5

 

y

  

3.5f

   

11.7

 

1.5

13

M. silenus

59.5

  

2.0

          

18.0

 

20.6

14

M. cyclopis

53.8

7.3

0.0

14.9

 

2.4

 

11.8

      

9.8

  

15

M. cyclopis

42.2

10.3

 

26.2

9.1

  

11.8

  

0.03

      

16

M. assamensis

30.7

2.0

28.2

12.4

 

0.7

   

0.3

0.3

 

0.1

 

20.6

0.1

4.5

17

M. assamensis

22.9

31.4

 

45.7

             

18

M. assamensis

11.0

7.0

 

52.0

30.0

         

2.0

 

19

M. munzala

10.3

3.25

0

40.2

    

41.4

       

4.85

20

Temperate climate

M. fuscata yakui

30.2

5.6

13.2

35.1g

 

y

  

y

y

 

y

4.6

 

10.3

1.2

21

M. fuscata yakui

28.6

4.9

28.2

22.4

          

8.9

 

7.0

22

M. fuscata yakui

13.0

15.0

4.0

41.0

        

14.0

 

1.0

11.0

23

M. f. fuscata

10.2

3.3

43.6

14.4

2.9

 

15.1

  

5.0

  

2.3

 

2.1

 

1.3

24

M. mulatta

8.5

3.7

 

84.4 (+ y)

 

y

y

  

2.2

1.1

     

25

M. sylvanus

0.8

3.5

32.2

8.8

  

18.5

   

6.9

 

4.1

14.2

10.5

 

0.5

26

M. sylvanus

4.3

1.6

26.7

13.0

  

35.1

   

7.7

 

1.5

1.9

5.6

 

2.6

26

  1. For more details of the studies see Table 5.
  2. Leaves includes leaves of trees, shrubs and lianas of different stages of maturity or fallen leaves, leaf petioles and palm fronds. The category flowers also includes flower buds. The category buds usually means leaf buds, and in case it was not specified in the literature whether flower or leaf buds were meant, the values were included in this category as well.
  3. y = yes this food item was eaten but exact value not given by the author, and was either summarized with another food item (mentioned there) or given in the category other, (+y) = this value includes all other food items for which y is entered, a includes seeds, b includes pods, c includes bracts, d includes nectar, e includes buds, f includes stem, g includes shoots.
  4. Sources: 1) Riley (2007), 2) Kohlhaas (1993), 3) this study, 4) Caldecott (1986a) and Caldecott (1986b), 5) Yeager (1996), 6) MacKinnon & MacKinnon (1980), 7) Aldrich-Blake (1980), 8) C. Girard-Buttoz (pers. comm.), 9) Sussman & Tattersall (1981), 10) Khan & Wahab (1983) in Ahsan (1994), 11) O’Brian & Kinnaird (1997), 12) Giyarto (2010), 13) Choudhury (2008), 14) Singh et al (2000), 15) Su & Lee (2001), 16) Wang (2004), 17) M. Heesen (pers. comm.), 18) Ahsan (1994), 19) Srivastava (1999), 20) Mendiratta et al (2009), 21) Hill (1997), 22) Agetsuma (1995a), 23) Hanya (2004a), 24) Agetsuma & Nakagawa (1998), 25) Goldstein & Richard (1989) and Goldstein (1984), 26) Ménard (2004).