Figure 3

Mean daily travel distances (in km) of free-ranging macaque groups and species in undisturbed habitats unless otherwise stated. Sources and study sites: M. assamensis: Schülke et al (2011), Phu Kieo Wildlife Sanctuary, Thailand; M. fascicularis: 3 groups from C. Girard-Buttoz (pers. comm.), Ketambe, Sumatra, tropical lowland evergreen forest, Mar. ’10 – Apr. ’11, data from 2 adult males per group; 7 groups (A, G, K77, H77, K, H, T, A) from van Schaik et al (1983), Ketambe, Sumatra, 1 group (A) from Aldrich-Blake (1980), Kuala Lompat, W-Malaysia; 1 group from MacKinnon & MacKinnon (1980), Kuala Lompat, W-Malaysia; M. f. fuscata: data from the studies of Ikeda (1982) at Kawaradake, Japan, Wada (1979), Shiga heights, Japan, and Izumiyama (1999), Kamikochi, Japan, as in Tsuji (2010); M. mulatta: 3 groups (B, C, E) from Neville (1968), Uttar Pradesh, N-India, 1 group (Asarori II) from Lindburg (1971) and Lindburg (1977: Sugiyama (), Uttar Pradesh, India; M. radiata 1971: Caldecott (), Dharwar, S-India; M. n. nemestrina 1986a), Lima Belas, W-Malaysia, forest surrounded by oil palm plantations; MacKinnon & MacKinnon (1980), Kuala Lompat, W-Malaysia; M. (n.) leonina: HQ troop from Albert (2012), Khao Yai National Park, Thailand, close to human settlement, only day range data used from when the group was not using human food (high fruit abundance time); forest group (Ch troop) from J. M. José Domínguez (pers. comm.), Khao Yai National Park, Thailand, May – Jun. ’11 and May – Aug. ‘12; M. nigra: O’Brian & Kinnaird (1997), Tangkoko, Sulawesi; M. siberu: this study; M. sylvanus: 2 groups from Ménard & Vallet (1997) at Djurdjura and Akfadou, Algeria; 1 group (group 6) from Deag (1974), Ain Kahla, Marocco; M. tonkeana: 2 groups from Pombo et al (2004), Lore Lindu National Park, Sulawesi, 1 group in disturbed forest.