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Table 2 Comparison between two zoning model based on analysis of CPS

From: Zoning for management in wetland nature reserves: a case study using Wuliangsuhai Nature Reserve, China

Key ecosystem SERVICES

Critical underlying ecosystem COMPONENTS

Critical underlying ecosystem PROCESSES

Three-zone model

New zonation

SUPPORTING

S1. Providing habitats for 23 resident and 46 migratory birds

293 km2 shallow lake;

Hydrology: Freezing & melting

The habitat with most migratory birds (conservation target), were set as core zone

The habitat with most migratory birds (conservation target), were set as core zone.

Habitat: Phragmites swamps

Primary production

Predation

Salt marshes

Breeding

Considering ecological processes, such as hydrological regime, predation and breeding, etc.

S2. Provides habitat for 11 aquatic fauna

293 km2 shallow lake; Water chemistry

Hydrological regime

S3 Provides habitat for several fishes and benthos

Habitats: Open water with Macrophytes

Hydrological regime

Primary production of submerged plants

Water chemistry

REGULATING

S4. Water purification

Water chemistry –

Sedimentation, Connectivity

No special effort has been made

Risk-control zone was proposed to deal with external threats, such as over nutrient burden

Nutrients,

Nutrient cycling, Carbon cycling, Oxidation reduction

Salinity & conductivity,

Sediment chemistry

S5. Climate change mitigation

Plant communities

Primary production

No consideration

Dynamic zoning allows harvest of plants as industrial materials. Harvest itself improves primary production

Sedimentation

PROVISIONING

S6. Fishery production of 1000 tonnes each year

Water chemistry –Salinity, Nutrients,

Irrigation & drainage currents

In experimental zone, some sustainable activities is allowed, but far from enough, especially in winter, the harvest season

Dynamic zoning allow for the harvest of reeds and macrophytes

Biota: Macrophytes

Biological reproduction

S7.130,000 tonnes of reeds for industrial use

Biota: Phragmites

Primary production

S8. Animal fodder

Biota: Macrophytes

Primary production

CULTURAL

S9. Traditional harvesting and cultivation of fish and reed with historical and spiritual values

Fish: four major Chinese carp

Freezing & melting

All the harvest is forbidden in core and buffer zone according to Chinese Nature Conservation Law

Dynamic zoning allow tradtion reeds harvest, and fishing continues

Biota: Phragmites

S10. The site contributes to eco-tourism such as bird watching and boating

Birds:240 species

Bird migration

Limited eco-tourism allowed at the experimental zone

Through dynamic zoning, there is more space for tourism and scientific research in winter.

293km2 shallow lake

S11. The site is regionally important for scientific research and environment education

Birds: 240 species, mainly Migratory waterbirds and shorebirds.

Primary production

Biological migration

Pollutant transmit within the lake