Assessment of the quality of groundwater for drinking purposes in the Upper West and Northern regions of Ghana

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Table 6 Spearman’s correlation co-efficients for the physico-chemical parameters and WQI for borehole water samples from selected communities in the Upper West and Northern regions of Ghana

	PH	Cond	TDS	Temp	TC	Turb	Total Hardness	Ca	Mg	Cl	Nitrate	Nitrite	Fe	NH₄ ⁻	Al	WQI
pH	1.00
Conductivity (cond)	0.39	1.00
TDS	0.34	0.99	1.00
Temperature	0.22	0.00	−0.02	1.00
True colour (TC)	−0.10	0.25	0.25	−0.02	1.00
Turbidity (Turb)	0.16	−0.11	−0.12	−0.01	0.31	1.00
Total Hardness	−0.07	0.56	0.62	−0.17	0.16	−0.10	1.00
Ca	0.25	0.72	0.73	0.01	0.28	0.05	0.65	1.00
Mg	−0.17	0.43	0.49	−0.21	0.09	−0.14	0.97	0.44	1.00
Cl	0.06	0.27	0.24	0.01	0.22	−0.13	−0.06	0.10	−0.10	1.00
Nitrate	−0.12	0.43	0.49	−0.05	0.31	−0.14	0.59	0.36	0.58	0.16	1.00
Nitrite	−0.15	0.43	0.46	0.00	0.49	0.01	0.54	0.40	0.51	0.26	0.74	1.00
Total Iron	−0.29	0.01	0.05	−0.05	0.09	−0.07	0.28	0.13	0.29	0.02	0.39	0.51	1.00
NH₄ ⁻	0.24	−0.06	−0.06	0.06	−0.07	−0.06	−0.13	−0.24	−0.08	0.14	0.04	−0.17	−0.17	1.00
Al	−0.19	−0.18	−0.17	−0.41	−0.08	−0.08	−0.21	−0.30	−0.14	0.11	−0.12	−0.05	−0.02	−0.07	1.00
WQI	0.05	0.53	0.57	−0.10	0.61	0.52	0.70	0.61	0.63	0.06	0.57	0.66	0.25	−0.12	−0.20	1.00

Analysis was carried out at p ≤ 0.05. Numbers in italics indicate significant positive correlations