Table 4 Physico-chemical parameters of borehole water samples from selected communities in the Upper West and Northern regions of Ghana
| Â | Mean | Median | SD | Minimum | Maximum | WHO standard | Percentage compliance (%) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
pH | 6.87 | 6.87 | 0.31 | 6.14 | 7.50 | 8.50 | 100 |
Conductivity | 373.32 | 320.50 | 175.49 | 131.00 | 873.00 | 1400.00 | 100 |
TDS | 218.21 | 192.70 | 109.20 | 80.10 | 524.00 | 1000.00 | 100 |
Temperature | 30.88 | 31.00 | 0.90 | 28.80 | 32.80 | 25.00 | 0 |
True colour | 11.46 | 5.00 | 22.26 | 5.00 | 130.00 | 15.00 | 94 |
Turbidity | 4.49 | 0.63 | 15.29 | 0.13 | 105.00 | 5.00 | 92 |
Total alkalinity | 121.82 | 112.50 | 48.73 | 48.00 | 240.00 | ND | ND |
Total hardness | 178.07 | 185.00 | 100.62 | 22.00 | 337.50 | 500.00 | 100 |
Ca hardness | 55.28 | 51.00 | 28.24 | 14.00 | 116.00 | ND | ND |
Mg hardness | 122.79 | 121.50 | 84.87 | 6.00 | 311.50 | ND | ND |
Calcium ions | 22.11 | 20.40 | 11.30 | 5.60 | 46.40 | 75.00 | 100 |
Magnesium ions | 29.84 | 29.50 | 20.62 | 1.46 | 75.70 | 50.00 | 78 |
Chloride ions | 13.97 | 15.00 | 6.36 | 5.30 | 44.00 | 250.00 | 100 |
Nitrate-nitrogen | 2.09 | 2.00 | 1.33 | 0.00 | 6.00 | 10.00 | 100 |
Nitrite-nitrogen | 0.26 | 0.05 | 0.39 | 0.00 | 2.00 | 3.00 | 100 |
Total iron | 0.06 | 0.04 | 0.05 | 0.00 | 0.25 | 0.30 | 100 |
Ammonium ions | 0.01 | 0.00 | 0.02 | 0.00 | 0.08 | 1.50 | 100 |
Fluoride ions | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 1.50 | 100 |
Aluminium ions | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.01 | 0.20 | 100 |
Arsenic | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.01 | 100 |
Most probable number (MPN) index | 1.60 | 0.00 | 4.48 | 0.00 | 16.00 | 0.00 | 86 |