Table 6 Causality rules

Binary causal rules

(Cereal production, D, 2 %, 2) \(\Rightarrow\) (agricultural raw materials exports, 3 %)

India

Pakistan

(Air transport, D, 1 %, 2) \(\Rightarrow\) (GDP growth, 0.22 %)

India

Nepal

(Cereal production, D, 3 %, 1) \(\Rightarrow\) (crop production index, 1 %)

Srilanka

Nepal

Afganistan

India

Transitive causal rules

(Rural population, D, 1 %, 1) \(\Rightarrow\) (population density, D, 0.33 %, 1) \(\Rightarrow\) (population total, 0.68 %)

Afghanistan

India

Maldives

Nepal

(Land under cereal production, D, 3 %, 1) \(\Rightarrow\) (food exports, D, 1 %, 2) \(\Rightarrow\) (GDP growth, 1.5 %)

India

Pakistan

Bangladesh

(Arable land, D, 1 %, 1) \(\Rightarrow\) (agricultural land, D, 1 %, 3) \(\Rightarrow\) (CO2 emissions, 1.5 %)

India

Srilanka

India

Many to one (combined causal) causal rule

{(Rural population, D, 2.3 %, 1), (urban population D, 0.5 %, 1)} \(\Rightarrow\) (population density, 1 %)

India

Afghanistan

Pakistan

{(Forest rents, I, 5 %, 2), (Foreign direct investment, D, 3 %, 1)} \(\Rightarrow\) (crop production index, 7 %)

Srilanka

{(Land under cereal production, D, 0.8 %, 1), (rural population, I, 1 %, 2)} \(\Rightarrow\) (cereal production, 2 %)

Afghanistan

India

Pakistan

Cyclic causal rules

(Land under cereal production, D, 2.5 %, 2) ⇔ (agricultural land, D, 4.5 %, 1)

India

(Gross domestic savings, D, 1 %, 1) ⇔ (cereal yield, D, 0.5 %, 2)

Srilanka

India