Fig. 3

The wall shear stress visualization in a patient with pulmonary arterial hypertension. a, b Typical three-dimensional visualization of wall shear stress (WSS) at different cardiac phases in a patient with pulmonary arterial hypertension at peak systolic (a) and end diastolic phases (b). c, d For comparison, 3D visualizations of WSS in a healthy volunteer are shown at peak systolic (c) and end diastolic phases (d). Pulmonary arterial wall color indicates WSS; the color shift from blue to red denotes increases in WSS. Blue color indicates 0 Pa; red color, >1.5 Pa. WSS wall shear stress, MPA main pulmonary artery, LPA left pulmonary artery, RPA right pulmonary artery