Male and female Ethiopian and Kenyan runners are the fastest and the youngest in both half and full marathon

Knechtle, Beat; Nikolaidis, Pantelis T.; Onywera, Vincent O.; Zingg, Matthias A.; Rosemann, Thomas; Rüst, Christoph A.

doi:10.1186/s40064-016-1915-0

SpringerPlus

Table 7 Results of the mixed-effects regression analyses for change in running speed across years in male marathoners

From: Male and female Ethiopian and Kenyan runners are the fastest and the youngest in both half and full marathon

Parameter	Estimate	SE	DF	T	p value	95 % CI
Parameter	Estimate	SE	DF	T	p value	Upper	Lower
Austria
Constant term	119.014606	78.665485	352.571	1.513	0.131	−35.698004	273.727215
Year	−0.053124	0.039182	352.518	−1.356	0.176	−0.130183	0.023936
Cage	−0.053906	0.018537	374.501	−2.908	0.004	−0.090356	−0.017456
Cage²	0.002858	0.001180	374.482	2.423	0.016	0.000538	0.005179
France
Constant term	12.224516	32.400764	1943.299	0.377	0.706	−51.319391	75.768423
Year	0.000774	0.016138	1943.341	0.048	0.962	−0.030876	0.032424
Cage	−0.042530	0.007858	2185.277	−5.412	0.000	−0.057940	−0.027119
Cage²	0.001220	0.000546	2369.390	2.235	0.025	0.000150	0.002290
Great Britain
Constant term	168.008185	77.417245	265.471	2.170	0.031	15.578253	320.438116
Year	−0.076916	0.038558	265.527	−1.995	0.047	−0.152834	−0.000997
Cage	−0.003050	0.013447	228.557	−0.227	0.821	−0.029546	0.023446
Cage²	0.000290	0.001143	251.114	0.254	0.800	−0.001961	0.002541
Germany
Constant term	−26.616836	25.282326	2510.280	−1.053	0.293	−76.193187	22.959515
Year	0.019883	0.012593	2510.229	1.579	0.114	−0.004811	0.044578
Cage	−0.007977	0.005083	2186.239	−1.570	0.117	−0.017944	0.001990
Cage²	0.000147	0.000344	2231.865	0.427	0.669	−0.000528	0.000822
Italy
Constant term	82.322203	91.156734	288.896	0.903	0.367	−97.093338	261.737745
Year	−0.033932	0.045393	288.917	−0.748	0.455	−0.123275	0.055411
Cage	−0.058144	0.019311	261.042	−3.011	0.003	−0.096169	−0.020119
Cage²	0.000191	0.001214	322.202	0.157	0.875	−0.002199	0.002580
Japan
Constant term	49.803604	170.811818	103.019	0.292	0.771	−288.960603	388.567811
Year	−0.018372	0.085088	103.003	−0.216	0.829	−0.187123	0.150380
Cage	−0.086555	0.031059	107.375	−2.787	0.006	−0.148123	−0.024987
Cage²	0.001926	0.001684	107.206	1.144	0.255	−0.001412	0.005264
Switzerland
Constant term	25.878076	7.195438	22,373.993	3.596	0.000	11.774513	39.981639
Year	−0.005404	0.003584	22,373.571	−1.508	0.132	−0.012428	0.001620
Cage	−0.002664	0.001012	17,294.094	−2.633	0.008	−0.004647	−0.000681
Cage²	−0.000235	6.583543E−5	17,295.657	−3.565	0.000	−0.000364	−0.000106
Canada
Constant term	−106.659105	171.420255	81.342	−0.622	0.536	−447.709874	234.391663
Year	0.059022	0.085420	81.336	0.691	0.492	−0.110927	0.228971
Cage	−0.050496	0.030360	68.401	−1.663	0.101	−0.111073	0.010080
Cage²	0.006306	0.001988	62.037	3.172	0.002	0.002332	0.010280
Principality of Liechtenstein
Constant term	236.267620	241.570336	77.992	0.978	0.331	−244.662729	717.197969
Year	−0.109511	0.120377	77.993	−0.910	0.366	−0.349164	0.130142
Cage	0.034908	0.042003	73.075	0.831	0.409	−0.048802	0.118618
Cage²	0.001951	0.003222	72.523	0.606	0.547	−0.004471	0.008373
United States of America
Constant term	179.260596	91.774367	188.890	1.953	0.052	−1.773750	360.294941
Year	−0.082585	0.045712	188.881	−1.807	0.072	−0.172757	0.007587
Cage	0.003829	0.014234	167.444	0.269	0.788	−0.024273	0.031931
Cage²	0.000319	0.000945	149.574	0.338	0.736	−0.001548	0.002186
Belgium
Constant term	220.791210	167.798520	108.714	1.316	0.191	−111.789810	553.372230
Year	−0.102767	0.083486	108.675	−1.231	0.221	−0.268238	0.062704
Cage	−0.029095	0.030424	119.603	−0.956	0.341	−0.089335	0.031145
Cage²	0.000194	0.002163	96.384	0.090	0.929	−0.004099	0.004486
Spain
Constant term	−130.890461	169.416654	5.528	−0.773	0.471	−554.170969	292.390047
Year	0.072247	0.084311	5.528	0.857	0.427	−0.138405	0.282899
Cage	−0.050933	0.030883	5.028	−1.649	0.160	−0.130185	0.028319
Cage²	0.001306	0.004902	56.210	0.266	0.791	−0.008513	0.011125
Poland
Constant term	−173.031933	285.748419	50.731	−0.606	0.548	−746.769620	400.705753
Year	0.092292	0.142290	50.736	0.649	0.520	−0.193403	0.377986
Cage	−0.019397	0.026881	30.284	−0.722	0.476	−0.074273	0.035480
Cage²	−0.000780	0.001881	35.444	−0.414	0.681	−0.004597	0.003038
Kenya
Constant term	31.727578	85.570347	33.000	0.371	0.713	−142.366603	205.821759
Year	−0.007558	0.042603	33.000	−0.177	0.860	−0.094234	0.079119
Cage	−0.192695	0.042007	33.000	−4.587	0.000	−0.278159	−0.107230
Cage²	−0.005855	0.002387	33.000	−2.453	0.020	−0.010712	−0.000999
Ethiopia
Constant term	185.271970	155.298262	15.000	1.193	0.251	−145.738439	516.282379
Year	−0.085404	0.077000	15.000	−1.109	0.285	−0.249526	0.078718
Cage	−0.708418	0.358618	15.000	−1.975	0.067	−1.472793	0.055957
Cage²	−0.034788	0.014889	15.000	−2.337	0.034	−0.066522	−0.003053

Data for Non-African runners are sorted in order of the number of finishers of each country
Cage centered age, Cage ² centered age squared

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