Table 1 Etiologies of superior vena cava syndrome
Etiology (Rice et al. 2006a; Chen et al. 1990; Mineo et al. 1999; Schraufnagel et al. 1981; Nicholson et al. 1997; Hohloch et al. 2014; Lonardi et al. 2002) | Prevalence (%) (Rice et al. 2006a; Chen et al. 1990; Mineo et al. 1999; Schraufnagel et al. 1981; Nicholson et al. 1997; Hohloch et al. 2014; Lonardi et al. 2002) |
|---|---|
Malignant | |
Non-small cell lung cancer | 22–57 |
Small cell lung cancer | 10–39 |
Lymphoma | 1–27 |
“Other metastasis” | 19 |
Other adenocarcinoma | 3–15 |
Germ cell tumors | 2–6 |
Thymoma | 1–3 |
Sarcomas | 2 |
Esophageal carcinoma | 2 |
AML | 1 |
Tuberculosis lymphangitis | 2 |
Benign | |
Port-a-cath | 16 |
Dialysis catheter | 5 |
Fibrosing mediastinitis | 2–9 |
Mesothelioma | 1–7 |
Mustard operation | 5 |
Primary SVC thrombosis | 1–5 |
Retrosternal goiter | 3 |
Tuberculosis lymphangitis | 2 |
Behcet’s syndrome | 2 |
Pacemaker wire | 1–2 |
Hematoma after aortic dissection repair | 1 |
Pseudotumor | 1 |
Hickman catheter | 1 |
Aneurysm | 1 |
Radiation fibrosis | 1 |