Table 4 Comparison with the R5 Loop and Tail Solar Model with Geomagnetic, Biological and Geological Events (Sources: Young and Laurie, 1996 ; Haq and Schutter, 2008 ; Sepkoski’s Compendium, 2002 )

31.0

Rupelian C12

H ₁₆

34.5

• Commencement of Antarctic Glaciation

• Mass Extinction (34-23Ma: 21% Genera)

E ₁

46.1

46.6

Lutetian C21

• Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Max

_{(Phase 1 13.2Ma Loop)}

56.0

55.0

• Mass Extinction (55.8-33.9:Ma 31% Genera)

E ₂

65.9

65.5

29R Maastrichtian

• N-R Polarity Reversal

• Major Cretaceous/ Tertiary Extinction (65.5Ma: 47% Genera)

W ₁₉

92.7

83

Cenomanian-Turonia

• Extinction (94-89Ma: 27% Genera)

• Cretaceous Warming Maximum

H ₁₉

118.7

119

Aptian Cretaceous Normal Polarity Superchron

• Extinction (125-112Ma: 19% Genera)

M3r Barremian

• R-N Polarity Reversal (119Ma-83Ma)

E ₃

131.9

131

M11r Valanginian

Late Jurassic Warm Period

W ₂₀

158.3

Meneghinii

• Late Jurassic Extinction (161-150Ma: 19%-32% Genera)

H ₂₀

184.7

184.6

Toarcian

Extinction (183-177Ma: 24% Genera)

E ₄

197.9

195

Jamesoni

• Major Triassic Extinction (200Ma: 63% Genera)

Triassic /Jurassic Cold Period

• N-R Polarity Flip

W ₂₁

224.3

Norian

• Norian Extinction (228Ma: Genera 39%)

• Triassic Warm Maximum

H ₂₁

250.7

252

Dorashamiam/Changsing

• Second Major Permian Extinction (260-251Ma: 71% Genera)

• N-R Polarity Reversal

• Major Orogenic Events

Pflaazian, Palatinian, Sonoma 251 ± 5Ma

• Phanerozoic sea-level minimum (−40m MSL)

Anoxic interval 260–250 Ma

E ₅

263.9

262

Midian

• First Major Permian Extinction (271-260Ma: 56% Genera)

End of Permo-Carboniferous Reverse Superchron

• Reverse Superchron (305Ma-263Ma)

• Phanerozoic sea-level minimum (−60m MSL)

W ₂₂

290.3

• Extinction (280-271Ma: 33% Genera)

• Phanerozoic sea-level change (+100m) Permian Warm Period

H ₂₂

316.7

Narmurian

• Extinction (325-314Ma: 38% Genera)

• Early Whichita Orogeny 318 ± 5Ma

• Late Whichita Orogeny 310 ± 5Ma

• Phanerozoic sea-level minimum (−70m MSL)

E ₆

329.9

325

Visean

• Glaciation Commences ~330Ma

• Major Orogenic Events: Sudetian Orogeny 325 ± 5Ma

• Extinction (45% Genera)

W ₂₃

356.3

354

Famennian

• Famennian Extinction (375-359Ma: 49% Genera)

• Devonian Warm Maximum (356 Ma)

Svalbardian Orogeny 360Ma ± 5

Antler Orogeny 364Ma ± 5

H ₂₃

382.7

378

Frasnian

• Frasian Mass Extinction (383-374Ma: 54% Genera)

• Polar Reversal N-R (378Ma- 356Ma)

• Glaciation ~380Ma

• Anoxic interval (380 & 360 Ma)

E ₇

395.9

390

Eifelian

• Extinction (398-392Ma: 38% Genera)

• Major Orogenic Events:

Ebrian 400Ma

Hibernian 403Ma

W ₂₄

422.1

Ludlow

• Extinction (423-419Ma: 40% Genera)

• Phanerozoic sea-level maximum (+200m)

H ₂₄

448.7

451 (N/R)

Ashgill

• Second Major Ordovican Extinction (449–444 Ma: 61% Genera)

• Magnetic (N-R) reversal 451Ma

Taconian Orogeny 449 ± 5Ma

• Anoxic Interval-443Ma

E ₈

461.9

Caradoc End Mayero Reverse Superchron

• First Major Ordovician Extinction (458-449Ma: 44% Genera)

Arenig

• End Superchron (486Ma-465Ma)

• Sardininian Orogeny (461.9 ± 5Ma)

• Phanerozoic sea-level minimum(460Ma)

W ₂₅

488.0

486

Begin Mayero Reverse Superchron

• Cambrian/Ordovician Extinction (490-485Ma: 57% Genera)

Tremandoc

• Delhi Orogeny (488 ± 5Ma)

• Begin Superchron (486Ma-465Ma)

• Ordovician Warm Maximum (488Ma)

• Anoxic Interval (26Ma of Anoxic Conditions (514.7Ma to 488Ma)

• Phanerozoic sea-level maximum (+240m)

H ₂₅

514.7

511

Precedes Upper Toyonian limit

• Second Cambrian Extinction (520-513Ma:74% Genera)

• Pampean Orogeny (514.7Ma ± 5)

• PolarityFlip (R-N)

E ₉

527.9

528

Lower Toyanian Boundary

• First Cambrian Extinction (530-520Ma: 62% Genera)