Characteristics and chemical compositions of propolis from Ethiopia

Rushdi, Ahmed I; Adgaba, Nuru; Bayaqoob, Noofal I M; Al-Khazim, Ahmed; Simoneit, Bernd R T; El-Mubarak, Aarif H; Al-Mutlaq, Khalid F

doi:10.1186/2193-1801-3-253

SpringerPlus

Table 1 The relative concentrations (%), and organic parameters of the various lipid compound groups of propolis samples from different regions of Ethiopia

From: Characteristics and chemical compositions of propolis from Ethiopia

			Enemore	Holleta	Bako	Gedo	Average	SD
Yield (%)			27.2	33.4	62.0	64.2	46.7	19.1
Compound	Composition	M.W.
Triterpenoids
β-Amyrone	C₃₀H₄₈O	424	0.08	0.01	0.36	1.16
α-Amyrone	C₃₀H₄₈O	424	0.19	0.01	0.00	1.88
β-Amyrin	C₃₀H₅₀O	426	0.29	0.12	3.29	0.00
α-Amyrin	C₃₀H₅₀O	426	83.79	63.11	0.00	3.16
β-Amyryl acetate	C₃₂H₅₂O₂	468	0.15	0.19	44.88	53.79
α-Amyryl acetate	C₃₂H₅₂O₂	468	0.00	0.00	46.72	29.72
Lupeol	C₃₀H₅₀O	426	1.81	0.24	2.29	1.84
Moretenol	C₃₂H₅₂O₂	426	0.46	0.19	0.05	2.04
Moretenyl acetate	C₃₂H₅₂O₂	468	0.15	0.09	0.00	0.09
Total			86.91	63.96	97.60	93.67	85.53	15.04
n-Alkanes
Heneicosane	C₂₁H₄₄	296	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.01
Docosane	C₂₂H₄₆	310	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00
Tricosane	C₂₃H₄₈	324	0.14	1.02	0.03	0.05
Tetracosane	C₂₄H₅₀	338	0.01	0.25	0.01	0.02
Pentacosane	C₂₅H₅₂	352	0.58	4.50	0.20	0.37
Hexacosane	C₂₆H₅₄	366	0.10	0.58	0.03	0.04
Heptacosane	C₂₇H₅₆	380	1.88	7.56	0.44	0.93
Octacosane	C₂₈H₅₈	394	0.12	0.36	0.02	0.04
Nonacosane	C₂₉H₆₀	408	0.38	1.27	0.08	0.25
Triacontane	C₃₀H₆₂	422	0.02	0.18	0.00	0.03
Hentriacontane	C₃₁H₆₄	436	0.32	1.16	0.06	0.21
Total			3.54	16.89	0.87	1.94	5.82	7.48
CPI (o/e)^a			13.56	10.95	12.26	14.25	12.75	1.46
n-Alkenes
Pentacosene	C₂₅H₅₀	350				0.009
Hexacosene	C₂₆H₅₂	364				0.012
Heptacosene	C₂₇H₅₄	378				0.014
Octacosene	C₂₈H₅₆	392	1.68	1.40	0.06	0.093
Nonacosene	C₂₉H₅₈	406	0.27	0.17	0.02	0.033
Triacontene	C₃₀H₆₀	420	1.31	0.83	0.04	0.042
Hentriacontene	C₃₁H₆₂	434	0.05	1.27	0.01	0.037
Dotriacontene	C₃₂H₆₄	448	0.89	0.48	0.04	0.047
Tritriacontene	C₃₃H₆₆	462	8.11	9.06	0.53	0.912
Tetratriacontene	C₃₄H₆₈	476	0.20	0.13	0.00	0.033
Pentatriacontene	C₃₅H₇₀	490	0.86	2.54	0.14	0.284
Total			6.61	15.88	0.85	1.515	6.23	6.96
CPI (o/e)^b			2.49	5.39	6.10	7.24	5.30	2.02
Methyl n-Alkanoates
Methyl dodenoate	C₁₃H₂₆O₂	214	0.000	0.000	0.000	0.001
Methyl tridecanoate	C₁₄H₂₈O₂	228	0.000	0.000	0.000	0.000
Methyl tetradecanoate	C₁₅H₃₀O₂	242	0.004	0.004	0.001	0.001
Methyl pentadecanoate	C₁₆H₃₂O₂	256	0.003	0.001	0.001	0.001
Methyl hexadecenoate	C₁₇H₃₂O₂	286	0.006	0.000	0.000	0.000
Methyl hexadecanoate	C₁₇H₃₄O₂	270	0.304	0.222	0.093	0.123
Methyl heptadecenoate	C₁₈H₃₄O₂	282	0.001	0.000	0.000	0.001
Methyl octadecenoate	C₁₉H₃₆O₂	296	0.006	0.013	0.008	0.011
Methyl octadecanoate	C₁₉H₃₈O₂	298	0.029	0.021	0.008	0.012
Methyl nonadecanoate	C₂₀H₄₀O₂	312	0.001	0.000	0.000	0.000
Methyl eicosanoate	C₂₁H₄₂O₂	326	0.010	0.007	0.004	0.007
Methyl heneicosanoate	C₂₂H₄₄O₂	340	0.001	0.000	0.000	0.001
Methyl docosanoate	C₂₃H₄₆O₂	354	0.018	0.010	0.004	0.005
Methyl tricosanoate	C₂₄H₄₈O₂	368	0.031	0.004	0.002	0.002
Methyl tetracosanoate	C₂₅H₅₀O₂	382	0.199	0.160	0.045	0.065
Methyl pentacosanoate	C₂₆H₅₂O₂	396	0.001	0.000	0.000	0.001
Methyl hexacosanoate	C₂₇H₅₄O₂	410	0.058	0.048	0.013	0.017
Methyl heptacosanoate	C₂₈H₅₆O₂	424	0.000	0.000	0.000	0.000
Methyl octacosanoate	C₂₉H₅₈O₂	438	0.035	0.029	0.009	0.012
Total			0.709	0.521	0.189	0.260	0.419	0.239
CPI(o/e as esters) ^c			16.92	87.04	45.63	0.28	37.47	37.99
Wax esters
Docosyl hexadecanoate	C₃₈H₇₆O₂	564	0.15	0.17	0.068	0.167
Tetracosyl hexadecanoate	C₄₀H₈₀O₂	592	0.74	1.75	0.191	0.372
Hexacosyl hexadecanoate	C₄₂H₈₄O₂	620	0.20	0.16	0.032	0.052
Octacosyl hexadecanoate	C₄₄H₈₈O₂	648	trace	trace	0.00	0.00
Total			1.10	2.08	0.29	0.59	1.02	0.78

$a = \frac{\sum C_{23} + C_{25} + .... + C_{31}}{\sum C_{22} + C_{24} + .... + C_{30}}; b = \frac{\sum C_{27} + C_{29} + .... + C_{35}}{\sum C_{26} + C_{28} + .... + C_{34}}; c = \frac{\sum C_{15} + C_{17} + .... + C_{29}}{\sum C_{14} + C_{16} + .... + C_{28}} .$

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