Figure 1From: Retrograde endoscopic lithotripsy using the innovative nanosecond electropulse method The principle of NEPL; comparison of volt-second characteristics of solid state and of liquid media: Ac - the point where the probability of a breakdown through liquid or solid is equal; U(t) – pulse voltage in the absence of breakdown; Us(t) – pulse voltage under breakdown of a solid dielectric; Ueh(t) – pulse voltage during liquid breakdown. Back to article page