Table 1 Fungal species identified in raw bulk milk sampled at various altitudes
From: Diversity of fungal flora in raw milk from the Italian Alps in relation to pasture altitude
Altitude | Milks from individual pastures (n) | Identity | Source and significance | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|
1400 | 5 | Kluyveromyces marxianus | Raw milk, yogurt, cheese. Potential probiotic | (Hatoum et al. 2012; Jacques & Casaregola 2008; Lane & Morrisey 2009) |
Debaryomyces hansenii | Marine environment, brine, cheese, floor, walls, hands and equipments in cheese plants. Potential probiotic | (Hatoum et al. 2012; Jacques & Casaregola 2008; Welthagen & Viljoen 1998) | ||
Galactomyces geotrichum | Soil, insects, milk, cheese. Plant pathogen | cbs.knawl.nl | ||
Atrotorquata lineata | Associated to salt-tolerant plants | (Kohlmeyer & Volkmann-Kohlmeyer 1993) | ||
Aspergillus penicilloides | House dust, food, water. Produces potential antibiotics | (Itabashi et al. 2006) | ||
Colletothricum gloesporioides | Soil. Pathogen for crops | (Cai et al. 2009) | ||
Pichia membranifaciens | Cheese, wine, brines, spoiled food, sugar cane, tequila, plants | |||
Exophiala pisciphila | Soil, water, plants, decaying wood material | (Figel et al. 2013) | ||
Ophiocordyceps oxycephala | Entomopathogen for wasps | cordyceps.us/node/5820 | ||
Alternaria solani | Soil, roots. Pathogen for tomatoes and potatoes | (Ai et al. 2012) | ||
Phoma spp. | Air, spoiled vacuum-packaged cheese | (Hocking & Faedo 1992) | ||
Unknown fungus | Soil | Acc.No. JQ311712 | ||
1800 | 11 | Kluyveromyces marxianus | Raw milk, yogurt, cheese. Potential probiotic | (Hatoum et al. 2012; Jacques & Casaregola 2008; Lane & Morrisey 2009) |
Atrotorquata lineata | Associated to salt-tolerant plants | (Kohlmeyer & Volkmann-Kohlmeyer 1993) | ||
Candida deformans | Insects, preserved fish, cured ham, yoghurt, spoiled food | (Knutsen et al. 2007) | ||
Candida glaebosa | Marine- and fresh-water, soil, wood, wine must, blue cheese, raw milk | mushroomobserver.org | ||
Wallemia sebi | Dust, food, mural paintings | Acc.No. AM159621 | ||
Peniophora cinerea | Wood | (Chamuris 1991) | ||
Euroticum amstelodami | Soil, dust, indoor environments. Opportunistic pathogen | (Rakeman et al. 2005) | ||
Exophiala pisciphila | Saprophite found in soil, water, plants, decaying wood material | (Figel et al. 2013) | ||
Trichosporon spp. | Cheese | |||
2200 | 14 | Kluyveromyces marxianus | Raw milk, yogurt, cheese. Potential probiotic | (Hatoum et al. 2012; Jacques & Casaregola 2008; Lane & Morrisey 2009) |
Debaryomyces hansenii | Marine environment, brine, cheese, floor, walls, hands and equipments in cheese plants. Potential probiotic | (Hatoum et al. 2012; Jacques & Casaregola 2008; Welthagen & Viljoen 1998) | ||
Candida deformans | Insects, preserved fish, cured ham, yoghurt, spoiled food | (Knutsen et al. 2007) | ||
Candida catenulata | Cheese, floor and walls of cheese plants. Agent of fungemia | (Larsson & Őrstadius 2008; Jacques & Casaregola 2008; Radosavljevic et al. 1999; Welthagen & Viljoen 1998) | ||
Candida pararugosa | Widespread in the environment, milk and cheese. Opportunistic pathogen. | (Giammarco et al. 2004; Nakagawa et al. 2004), Acc No GQ458032 | ||
Candida incospicua | Beer, milk and cheese, animal feces. Opportunistic pathogen | (Borelli et al. 2006) | ||
Aspergillus versicolor | Plants, cheese, marine water, starchy food. Opportunistic pathogen | (Torres-Rodríguez et al. 1998) | ||
Pichia subpelliculosa | Raw milk cheese, fermented olives | (Borelli et al. 2006), Acc No JQ419793 | ||
Galactomyces geotrichum | Soil, insects, milk, cheese. Plant pathogen | cbs.knawl.nl | ||
Torulaspora delbrueckii | Raw milk, cheese, equipment in cheese plants. Potential spoilage yeast. Potential probiotic | (Borelli et al. 2006; Hatoum et al. 2012; Jacques & Casaregola 2008; Welthagen & Viljoen 1998) | ||
Psathyrella lutensis a | Soil, wood, animal feces | (Larsson & Őrstadius 2008) | ||
Macrophomina phaseolina | Soil. Plant pathogen | Acc No. GU046904 | ||
Funneliformis mosseae | Mutualistic symbiont of plants. | Acc No. JN847444 tolweb.org | ||
Yarrowia lipolytica | Food, cheese, drinks. Potential probiotic | |||
Clavispora lusitaniae | Equipment and hands in cheese plants, fruit, cheese. Opportunistic pathogen. | (El-Sharoud et al. 2009; Jacques & Casaregola 2008; Welthagen & Viljoen 1998) | ||
Pachyphloeus virescens a | Soil, truffle | Acc No EU543198 | ||
Peronospora pulveracea | Water. Plant pathogen | (Gőker et al. 2009) | ||
Galactomyces spp. | Soil, fruit, milk, cream, cheese | cbs.knawl.nl | ||
Cryptococcus spp. | Air, cheese | (Welthagen & Viljoen 1998) | ||
Rhodotorula spp. | See sediments, air, cheese | (Welthagen & Viljoen 1999) | ||
<700m | 9 | Kluyveromyces marxianus | Raw milk, yogurt, cheese. Potential probiotic | (Hatoum et al. 2012; Jacques & Casaregola 2008; Lane & Morrisey 2009) |
Debaryomyces hansenii | Marine environment, brine, cheese, floor, walls, hands and equipments in cheese plants. Potential probiotic | (Hatoum et al. 2012; Jacques & Casaregola 2008; Welthagen & Viljoen 1998) | ||
Candida pararugosa | Widespread in the environment, milk and cheese. Opportunistic pathogen. | (Giammarco et al. 2004; Nakagawa et al. 2004), Acc No GQ458032 | ||
Candida parapsilopsis | Raw milk cheese | (Borelli et al. 2006) | ||
Galactomyces geotrichum | Soil, insects, milk, cheese. Plant pathogen | cbs.knawl.nl | ||
Exophiala dermatitidis | Forest, water, wet indoor environments. Cutaneous infections. Neurotrophic | |||
Priceomyces carsonii | Fermenting red wine | Acc No. JX456534 |