Ecology of an endemic primate species (Macaca siberu) on Siberut Island, Indonesia

Richter, Christin; Taufiq, Ahmad; Hodges, Keith; Ostner, Julia; Schülke, Oliver

doi:10.1186/2193-1801-2-137

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Table 2 Percent terrestriality of different free-ranging macaque groups and species, sorted by increasing terrestriality and species

From: Ecology of an endemic primate species (Macaca siberu) on Siberut Island, Indonesia

Species	Study site	Study period	% terrestrial	Source
Tropical/subtropical climate
M. silenus	Western Ghats, India	1 year	0.4	1
M. silenus	Western Ghats, India	Sep '90 - Aug '91	4.9	2
M. (n.) leonina	Bherjan, E-India	1992-'94, 2004	1.5	3
M. (n.) leonina	Khao Yai NP, Thailand	Jul - Aug '12	48.5	4
M. (n.) leonina	Khao Yai NP, Thailand	Apr '09 - Nov '10	60.0	5
M. fascicularis	Kuala Lompat, W-Malaysia	Jul '74 - Jan '76	1.7	6
M. fascicularis	Kuala Lompat, W-Malaysia	Jan - Jul '73	2.0*	7
M. fascicularis	Sumatra, Indonesia		4.0*	7
M. fascicularis	Kutai NR, Kalimantan	Oct '74 - Jun '76	5.0	8
M. assamensis	Phu Khieo WS, Thailand	Jul '06 - Jun '07	10.0	9
M. n. nemestrina	Lima Belas, W-Malaysia	Jan '80 - May '81	9.0^a,b	10
M. n. nemestrina	Lima Belas, W-Malaysia		15.0^c	11
M. n. nemestrina	Sumatra, Indonesia		25.0^c,*	7
M. n. nemestrina	Sumatra, Indonesia	Nov '71 - Jan '73	>30%^c	12
M. cyclopis	Yushan NP, Taiwan	Mar '87 - Oct '88	15.4*	13
M. nigrescens	Dumoga-Bone NP, Sulawesi	Apr '89 - Jun '90	17.3*	14
M. s. sinica	Polonnaruwa, Sri Lanka	Sep '68 - early '72	24.1	15
*M. siberu*	Siberut island, Sumatra	Mar '10 - Mar '11	25.4	16
M. radiata	Dharwar, S-India	Mar - Sep '62	30.0	17
M. nigra	Tangkoko, Sulawesi	Jan '93 - Jun '94	>60	18
M. nigra	Tangkoko, Sulawesi	Jul '06 - Jun '07	72.0*	19
M. nigra	Tangkoko, Sulawesi	Jul '06 - Jun '07	76.7*	19
Temperate climate
M. f. fuscata	Takagoyama Area, Japan	1970 - '71	51.2^d	20
M. f. fuscata	Tsubaki, Japan	Jun '95 - Jan '97	54.1	21
M. sylvanus	Akfadou, Algeria	Apr '83 - Feb '85	58.4^e	22
M. sylvanus	Djurdjura, Algeria	Apr '83 - Feb '85	68.5^e	22
M. mulatta	N-India (Kaluwala)	1981 - '86	61.4	23
M. mulatta	Murree hills, NW-Pakistan	1978 - '79	66.0	24
M. mulatta	N-India (Nagal Check Post)	1981 - '86	71.7	23

Terrestriality is defined as time spent on the ground, unless otherwise stated.
Abbreviations of study sites: NP = National Park, NR = Nature Reserve, WS = Wildlife Sanctuary.
^a 0-2 m height, ^b mean of spot observations and activity assessment, ^c survey data, monkeys not really habituated, ^d only data for autumn and winter, ^e less than 1 m height, * values estimated from figure.
Sources and habitat type: 1) Kurup & Kumar (1993), undisturbed wet evergreen forest; 2) Menon & Poirier (1996), disturbed forest; 3) Choudhury (2008), tropical wet evergreen forest and decidious plantations; 4) J. M. José Domínguez (pers. comm.), seasonal wet evergreen forest, forest group Ch; 5) Albert et al (2011), seasonal wet evergreen forest, close to the national park’s visitor center, group HQ; 6) Aldrich-Blake (1980), tropical lowland evergreen forest; 7) MacKinnon & MacKinnon (1980), site at Kuala Lompat: tropical lowland evergreen forest, site in Sumatra: habitat type not given by the authors; 8) Wheatley (1980), mixed lowland forest; 9) Schülke et al (2011), dry evergreen forest; 10) Caldecott (1986a), tropical broadleaf evergreen forest surrounded by oil palm plantations, value is the mean of spot observations and activity assessments; 11) Bernstein (1967), tropical broadleaf evergreen forest, same study site as Caldecott (1986a); 12) Crockett & Wilson (1980), swamp, lowland, hill and submontane forest; 13) Lu et al (1991), mainly primary broadleaf forest; 14) Kohlhaas (1993), primary lowland rainforest, with some patches of secondary growth and grasses, 15) Dittus (1977), semi-evergreen forest, dry zone plain; 16) this study; 17) Sugiyama (1971), dry decidious forest; 18) O’Brian & Kinnaird (1997), some parts disturbed forest; 19) Giyarto (2010), Rambo I group (1^st value) mainly primary forest, Rambo II group mainly secondary forest; 20) Yotsumoto (1976), secondary broadleaf decidious forest, some parts with broadleaf evergreen trees; 21) Chatani (2003), evergreen forest less than 5 m high; 22) Ménard & Vallet (1997), temperate decidious oak forest at Akfadou, temperate evergreen cedar-oak forest at Djurdjura; 23) Chopra et al (1992), forest; 24) Goldstein & Richard (1989) and Goldstein (1984), temperate mixed coniferous decidious forest with disturbed areas.

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